Bill No. 163, Draft 3

County of Hawaii: General Plan
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COUNTY OF HAWAI‘I

GENERAL PLAN

BILL NO. 163

Draft 3

AN ORDINANCE ADOPTING THE COUNTY OF HAWAI‘I GENERAL PLAN AND REPEALING ORDINANCE NO. 89-142, AS AMENDED.

BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF HAWAI‘I:

SECTION 1. Purpose. The purpose of this ordinance is to adopt a General Plan in compliance with Chapter 46-4, Hawai‘i Revised Statutes, Chapter 226-58, Hawai‘i Revised Statutes, and Section 3-15, Hawai‘i County Charter. That is, the General Plan is a long-range policy document with a planning horizon of at least 20 years. The General Plan contains value-based principles from which island-wide and geographic district vision statements are expressed. Vision statements articulate those issues and matters that are vital to defining the past, present and future direction of the community. Vision statements capture the character of the island or district community, and express the role and responsibilities important to its involvement in the greater community. Vision statements, together with the objectives and policies of seven planning elements, are intended to guide future planning and implementation efforts. Through technology, the world has become smaller and, while once isolated, our island state continually experiences the stresses of growth and population. The General Plan establishes a framework for greater responsiveness by emphasizing program implementation and regulatory mechanisms at the next planning levels. The General Plan recognizes that public infrastructure and commensurate financing are essential to preserving and sustaining our community visions. The adoption of the General Plan is a commitment to its citizens and our future.

SECTION 2. Ordinance No. 89-142 (1989 General Plan) and all subsequent amendments are hereby repealed.

SECTION 3. The General Plan for the County of Hawai‘i is hereby adopted as follows:

TABLE OF CONTENTs

Chapter 1 GENERAL PLAN REQUIREMENTS *

Chapter 2 GENERAL PLAN PROGRAM *

2.1 INTRODUCTION *

2.2 GENERAL PLAN PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION *

2.2.1 General Plan. *

2.2.2 Development plan. *

2.2.3 Public Facility Plan. *

2.2.4 Short-range compliance and implementation at the County level. *

2.3 GENERAL PLAN REVIEW *

Chapter 3 THE COUNTY OF HAWAI‘I *

3.1 OUR ISLAND *

3.2 PRINCIPLES *

3.3 ISLAND-WIDE VISION STATEMENT *

3.4 DISTRICT VISION STATEMENTS *

3.4.1 Puna District Vision Statement *

3.4.2 South Hilo District Vision Statement *

3.4.3 North Hilo District Vision Statement *

3.4.4 Hamakua District Vision Statement *

3.4.5 North Kohala District Vision Statement *

3.4.6 South Kohala District Vision Statement *

3.4.7 North Kona Vision Statement *

3.4.8 South Kona District Vision Statement *

3.4.9 Ka‘u District Vision Statement *

Chapter 4 GENERAL PLAN ELEMENTS *

4.1 ECONOMIC ELEMENT *

4.1.1 Economic Objectives *

4.1.2 Economic Policies *

4.1.3 District Courses of Action *

4.1.3.1 Puna *

4.1.3.2 South Hilo *

4.1.3.3 North Hilo *

4.1.3.4 Hamakua *

4.1.3.5 North Kohala *

4.1.3.6 South Kohala *

4.1.3.7 North Kona *

4.1.3.8 South Kona *

4.1.3.9 Ka’u *

4.2 HISTORIC SITES *

4.2.1 Historic Sites Objectives *

4.2.2 Historic Sites Policies *

4.2.3 District Courses of Action *

4.2.3.1 Puna *

4.2.3.2 North & South Hilo *

4.2.3.3 Hamakua *

4.2.3.4 North Kohala *

4.2.3.5 South Kohala *

4.2.3.6 North Kona *

4.2.3.7 South Kona *

4.2.3.8 Ka’u *

4.3 HOUSING ELEMENT *

4.3.1 Housing Objectives *

4.3.2 Housing Policies *

4.3.3 District Courses of Action *

4.3.3.1 Puna *

4.3.3.2 South Hilo *

4.3.3.3 North Hilo *

4.3.3.4 Hamakua *

4.3.3.5 North Kohala *

4.3.3.6 South Kohala *

4.3.3.7 North Kona *

4.3.3.8 South Kona *

4.3.3.9 Ka’u *

4.4 INFRASTRUCTURE ELEMENT *

4.4.1 Public Facilities *

4.4.1.1 Public Facilities Objectives *

4.4.1.2 Public Facilities Policies *

4.4.1.3 Education *

4.4.1.3.1 Education Policies *

4.4.1.4 Government Operations *

4.4.1.4.1 Government Operation Policies *

4.4.1.5 Health and Sanitation *

4.4.1.5.1 Hospitals *

4.4.1.5.1.1 Hospital Policies *

4.4.1.5.2 Public Cemeteries *

4.4.1.5.2.1 Public Cemeteries Policies *

4.4.1.5.3 Solid Waste Management *

4.4.1.5.3.1 Solid Waste Management Policies *

4.4.1.5.4 Wastewater *

4.4.1.5.4.1 Wastewater Policies *

4.4.1.5.4.2 Wastewater Standard(s) *

4.4.1.6 Parks and Recreation *

4.4.1.6.1 Parks and Recreation Objectives *

4.4.1.6.2 Parks and Recreation Policies *

4.4.1.6.3 Parks And Recreation Standards *

4.4.1.7 Protective Services *

4.4.1.7.1 Protective Services Policies *

4.4.1.7.2 Protective Service Standards *

4.4.1.8 Transportation *

4.4.1.8.1 Transportation Objectives *

4.4.1.8.2 Transportation Policies *

4.4.1.8.2.1 Airports and Harbors *

4.4.1.8.2.1.1 Airports and Harbors Policies *

4.4.1.8.2.2 Mass Transit *

4.4.1.8.2.2.1 Mass Transit Objective *

4.4.1.8.2.2.2 Mass Transit Policies *

4.4.1.8.2.3 Roadways *

4.4.1.8.2.3.1 Roadway Objective *

4.4.1.8.2.3.2 Roadway Policies *

4.4.1.8.2.3.3 Roadway Standards *

4.4.2 Utilities and Energy *

4.4.2.1 Utiities and Energy Objectives *

4.4.2.2 Utilities and Energy Policies *

4.4.2.3 Electricity *

4.4.2.3.1 Electricity Policies *

4.4.2.4 Gas *

4.4.2.4.1 Gas Policy *

4.4.2.5 Telecommunications *

4.4.2.5.1 Telecommunications Policies *

4.4.2.6 Water *

4.4.2.6.1 WATER POLICIES *

4.4.3 District Courses of Action *

4.4.3.1 Puna *

4.4.3.1.2 Education *

4.4.3.1.3 Government Operations *

4.4.3.1.4 Cemeteries *

4.4.3.1.5 Solid Waste *

4.4.3.1.6 Wastewater *

4.4.3.1.7 Recreation *

4.4.3.1.8 Protective Services *

4.4.3.1.9 Airports & Harbors *

4.4.3.1.10 Roadways *

4.4.3.1.11 Water *

4.4.3.2 South Hilo *

4.4.3.2.1 Education *

4.4.3.2.2 Government Operations *

4.4.3.2.3 Hospitals *

4.4.3.2.4 Cemeteries *

4.4.3.2.5 Wastewater *

4.4.3.2.6 Recreation *

4.4.3.2.7 Protective Services *

4.4.3.2.8 Airports & Harbors *

4.4.3.2.9 Roadways *

4.4.3.2.10 Water *

4.4.3.3 North Hilo *

4.4.3.3.1 Education *

4.4.3.3.2 Government Operations *

4.4.3.3.3 Cemeteries *

4.4.3.3.4 Wastewater *

4.4.3.3.5 Recreation *

4.4.3.3.6 Protective Services *

4.4.3.3.7 Airports & Harbors *

4.4.3.3.8 Roadways *

4.4.3.3.9 Water *

4.4.3.4 Hamakua *

4.4.3.4.1 Education *

4.4.3.4.2 Government Operations *

4.4.3.4.3 Cemeteries *

4.4.3.4.4 Wastewater *

4.4.3.4.5 Recreation *

4.4.3.4.6 Protective Services *

4.4.3.4.7 Airports & Harbors *

4.4.3.4.8 Roadways *

4.4.3.4.9 Water *

4.4.3.5 North Kohala *

4.4.3.5.1 Education *

4.4.3.5.2 Government Operations *

4.4.3.5.3 Cemeteries *

4.4.3.5.4 Recreation *

4.4.3.5.5 Protective Services *

4.4.3.5.6 Airports & Harbors *

4.4.3.5.7 Roadways *

4.4.3.5.8 Water *

4.4.3.6 South Kohala *

4.4.3.6.1 Education *

4.4.3.6.2 Government Operations *

4.4.3.6.3 Solidwaste *

4.4.3.6.4 Wastewater *

4.4.3.6.5 Recreation *

4.4.3.6.6 Protective Services *

4.4.3.6.7 Airports & Harbors *

4.4.3.6.8 Roadways *

4.4.3.6.9 Water *

4.4.3.7 North Kona *

4.4.3.7.1 Education *

4.4.3.7.2 Government Operations *

4.4.3.7.3 Cemeteries *

4.4.3.7.4 Wastewater *

4.4.3.7.5 Recreation *

4.4.3.7.6 Protective Services *

4.4.3.7.7 Airports & Harbors *

4.4.3.7.8 Roadways *

4.4.3.7.9 Water *

4.4.3.8 South Kona *

4.4.3.8.1 Education *

4.4.3.8.2 Government Operations *

4.4.3.8.3 Cemeteries *

4.4.3.8.4 Wastewater *

4.4.3.8.5 Recreation *

4.4.3.8.6 Protective Services *

4.4.3.8.7 Airports & Harbors *

4.4.3.8.8 Roadways *

4.4.3.8.9 Water *

4.4.3.9 Ka’u *

4.4.3.9.1 Education *

4.4.3.9.2 Government Operations *

4.4.3.9.3 Solid Waste *

4.4.3.9.4 Wastewater *

4.4.3.9.5 Recreation *

4.4.3.9.6 Protective Services *

4.4.3.9.7 Roadways *

4.4.3.9.8 Water *

4.5 LAND USE ELEMENT *

4.5.1 Urban Designations *

4.5.2 Rural-Agriculture Designation *

4.5.3 Agriculture Designations *

4.5.4 Other Designations *

4.5.5 Floating Designation *

4.5.6 Land Use Objectives *

4.5.7 Land Use Policies *

4.5.7.1 Commercial/Industrial *

4.5.7.2 Residential Uses *

4.5.7.3 Resort *

4.5.7.4 Agriculture *

4.5.7.5 Rural-Agriculture *

4.5.7.6 Open Area *

4.5.7.7 Public Lands *

4.5.8 Land Use Standards *

4.5.8.1 Residential Density Guidelines: *

4.5.8.2 Resort Designation Guidelines: *

4.5.8 District Courses of Action *

4.5.8.1 Puna *

4.5.8.1.1 Agriculture *

4.5.8.1.2 Commercial *

4.5.8.1.3 Industrial *

4.5.8.1.4 Multi-Family Residential *

4.5.8.1.5 Single Family Residential *

4.5.8.1.6 Resort *

4.5.8.2 South Hilo *

4.5.8.2.1 Agriculture *

4.5.8.2.2 Commercial *

4.5.8.2.3 Industrial *

4.5.8.2.4 Multi-Family Residential *

4.5.8.2.5 Single Family Residential *

4.5.8.2.6 Resort *

4.5.8.3 North Hilo *

4.5.8.3.1 Agriculture *

4.5.8.3.2 Commercial *

4.5.8.3.3 Industrial *

4.5.8.3.4 Multi-family Residential *

4.5.8.3.5 Single Family Residential *

4.5.8.3.6 Resort *

4.5.8.4 Hamakua *

4.5.8.4.1 Agriculture *

4.5.8.4.2 Industrial *

4.5.8.4.3 Multi-Family Residential *

4.5.8.4.4 Single Family Residential *

4.5.8.4.5 Resort *

4.5.8.5 North Kohala *

4.5.8.5.1 Agriculture *

4.5.8.5.2 Commercial *

4.5.8.5.3 Industrial *

4.5.8.5.4 Multi-Family Residential *

4.5.8.5.5 Single Family Residential *

4.5.8.5.6 Resort *

4.5.8.6 South Kohala *

4.5.8.6.1 Agriculture *

4.5.8.6.2 Commercial *

4.5.8.6.3 Industrial *

4.5.8.6.4 Multi-Family Residential *

4.5.8.6.5 Single Family Residential *

4.5.8.6.6 Resort *

4.5.8.7 North Kona *

4.5.8.7.1 Agriculture *

4.5.8.7.2 Commercial *

4.5.8.7.3 Industrial *

4.5.8.7.4 Multi-Family Residential *

4.5.8.7.5 Single Family Residential *

4.5.8.7.6 Resort *

4.5.8.8 South Kona *

4.5.8.8.1 Agriculture *

4.5.8.8.2 Commercial *

4.5.8.8.3 Industrial *

4.5.8.8.4 Multi-Family Residential *

4.5.8.8.5 Single Family Residential *

4.5.8.8.6 Resort *

4.5.8.9 Ka’u *

4.5.8.9.1 Agriculture *

4.5.8.9.2 Commercial *

45.8.9.3 Industrial *

4.5.8.9.4 Multi-Family Residential *

4.5.8.9.5 Single Family Residential *

4.5.8.9.6 Resort *

4.6. NATURAL BEAUTY, RESOURCES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY *

4.6.1 Natural Beauty, Resources, And Environmental Quality Objectives *

4.6.2 Policies *

4.6.2.1 Natural Beauty *

4.6.2.2 Natural Resources *

4.6.2.3 Environmental Quality *

4.7 NATURAL HAZARDS ELEMENT *

4.7.1 Earthquakes *

4.7.2 Flooding *

4.7.3 Lava Hazards. *

4.7.4 Natural Hazards Objectives *

4.7.4 Natural Hazards Policies *

GENERAL PLAN REQUIREMENTS

The County of Hawai‘i is mandated to prepare and adopt a General Plan pursuant to Chapter 46-4, Hawai‘i Revised Statutes (HRS), Chapter 226-58, HRS, and Section 3-15, Hawai‘i County Charter.

Chapter 46-4, HRS, states, in part:

"Zoning in all counties shall be accomplished within the framework of a long-range, comprehensive general plan prepared or being prepared to guide the overall future development of the county. Zoning shall be one of the tools available to the county to put the general plan into effect in an orderly manner."

Chapter 226-58, Hawai‘i Revised Statutes, states:

"(a) The county general plans and development plans shall be formulated with input from the state and county agencies as well as the general public.

County general plans or development plans shall indicate desired population and physical development patterns for each county and regions within each county. In addition, county general plans or development plans shall address the unique problems and needs of each county and regions within each county. The county general plans or development plans shall further define applicable provisions of this chapter; provided that any amendment to the county general plan of each county shall not be contrary to the county charter. The formulation, amendment, and implementation of county general plans or development plans shall take into consideration statewide objectives, policies, and programs stipulated in state functional plans approved in consonance with this chapter.

(b) County general plans shall be formulated on the basis of sound rationale, data, analyses, and input from state and county agencies and the general public, and contain objectives and policies as required by the charter of each county. Further, the county general plans should:

Contain objectives to be achieved and policies to be pursued with respect to population density, land use, transportation system location, public and community facility locations, water and sewage system locations, visitor destinations, urban design, and all other matters necessary for the coordinated development of the county and regions within the county; and
Contain implementation priorities and actions to carry out policies to include but not be limited to land use maps, programs, projects, regulatory measures, standards and principles, and interagency coordination provisions."

Section 3-15, Hawai‘i County Charter, reads:

"The county council shall adopt by ordinance a general plan which shall set forth the Council's policy for long-range comprehensive physical development of the County. It shall contain a statement of development objectives, standards and principles with respect to the most desirable use of land within the County for residential, recreational, agricultural, commercial, industrial, and other purposes which shall be consistent with proper conservation of natural resources and the preservation of our natural beauty and historical sites; the most desirable density of population in the several parts of the County; a system of principal thoroughfares, highways, streets, public access to the shoreline, and other open spaces; the general locations, relocations and improvement of public buildings; the general location and extent of public utilities and terminals, whether publicly or privately owned, for water, sewers, light, power, transit and other purposes; the extent and location of public housing projects; adequate drainage facilities and control; air pollution; and such other matters as may, in the Council's judgment, be beneficial to the social, economic, and governmental conditions and trends and shall be designed to assure the coordinated development of the County and to promote the general welfare and prosperity of its people.

(a) The Council shall enact zoning, subdivision, and other such ordinances, which shall contain the necessary provisions to carry out the purpose of the General Plan.

(b) No public improvement, project, subdivision, or zoning ordinances, shall be initiated or adopted unless the same conforms to and implements the General Plan.

GENERAL PLAN PROGRAM

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The County of Hawai‘i’s General Plan is the policy document for the long-range comprehensive development of the island of Hawai‘i. The General Plan states the County’s island-wide and district visions for development over a period of at least 20 years and lays out the direction for achieving those visions through stated objectives, policies, standards, and district courses of action. The General Plan guides the form of future development, provides general direction and location of public facilities and services, provides the legal framework for all other components of the planning structure, and establishes the foundation for future community planning. The General Plan is implemented through the promulgation and application of other regulations that mandate its consideration in the decision-making process. Therefore, the planning process must be viewed as a continuous, non-linear and dynamic process instead of a static and linear one.

The essence of the General Plan is articulated in an island-wide vision statement and district vision statements. The island-wide vision statement expresses fundamentals that are important to our citizens and applied to the entire island. District vision statements provide a view of those aspects citizens have identified as important to preserve, enhance, support, and encourage within each geographical district. Vision statements are vital to understanding district community goals, the district’s interrelationship with other districts and the desirable direction for land use.

Preparation of the General Plan and its revisions shall provide the opportunity for citizen participation, review, and understanding.

The General Plan contains the following elements around which the planning process is formulated: Economic; Historic Sites; Housing; Infrastructure; Land Use; Natural Beauty, Resources and Environmental Quality; and Natural Hazards. Taken together with the island-wide and district vision statements, each element’s objectives, policies, standards and district courses of action are intended to guide future actions of the County and its programs, to focus the substance of development plans, functional and facility plans, and to direct funding towards priority public projects.

Each element contains objectives, policies, and, if appropriate, standards and district courses of action described below:

Objective: Indicates a desired long-range goal or direction.

Policy: States the method or strategy that should be undertaken to attain the stated objectives.

Standard: Means a degree or level of requirement; a criterion. As used in this document, a standard is to be applied as a guide.

Courses of Action: Establishes the more precise and definitive discussion of community concerns and problems. A course of action attempts to identify specific alternatives on a community, district or regional basis.

The General Plan vision, objectives, and policies are graphically depicted on General Plan Maps. General Plan Maps show general locations of land use patterns, desirable densities, public and private facilities and utilities, existing and proposed transportation networks, lava hazard zones, government-owned lands, historic sites, natural beauty, and military installations. General Plan Maps are used for planning and informational purposes, may be periodically updated, and are included by reference.

2.2 GENERAL PLAN PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION

2.2.1 General Plan.

The General Plan, as the Council’s comprehensive policy statement for the future growth direction of the island, represents the highest level of planning for the County of Hawai‘i. It serves as the policy guide for all levels of government and the public, and is implemented through the preparation and adoption of development plans, facility plans, and area improvement plans; operating and capital improvement programs; and governmental interagency coordination. Specifically, implementation of the General Plan consists of the following components:

2.2.2 Development plan.

By itself, the General Plan cannot bring about all of the changes and improvements, which are considered desirable for the County of Hawai‘i. Government and community exchange and cooperation are necessary. A development plan serves this purpose and is one of the intermediate steps to implementing the General Plan. A development plan translates the broad General Plan statements to specific actions as they apply to specific geographic areas.

A development plan is intended to direct physical development and public improvements, and may contain detailed guidance for land use and zoning, plans for roadways, drainage, parks, and other infrastructure and public facilities, architectural design guidelines, planning for watersheds and other natural features, and other matters relating to the planning area.

Development plans must conform to and implement the General Plan. When a development plan recommends changes to land use or other regulations, these shall be enacted as separate amendments to the Hawai‘i County Code. Development plans should not be confused with zoning ordinance or other regulatory tools.

It is not mandatory that there be a development plan for each region or district community. Depending upon its purpose, a development plan may be limited in scope, which may largely be determined by time, funding, community input, needs and priorities. The need for a development plan should be assessed considering a number of factors, such as population demand, and the degree to which public infrastructure and public health and safety are challenged.

Authorization to prepare a development plan or to update an existing development plan shall be given by the Council by resolution. The resolution shall state establish the funding source, scope and purpose of the development plan, its physical planning area and the timeframe for completion.

A development plan, at the minimum, shall identify the following:

Financing program. A financing program contains financing strategies and mechanisms by which the public infrastructure will be funded. Examples of financing mechanisms include tax increment financing districts, impact fees, general or special purpose revenue bonds, community facilities districts, and improvement districts. Utilized in conjunction with Federal and State grants-in-aid, development agreements, and other creative sources of funding, these financing mechanisms will supplement the capital improvements program to successfully implement the middle-range planning efforts.
Public facility priorities for the financing program.
Regulatory actions needed by government to implement the development plan.

A development plan may identify:

Incentive measures to encourage private participation in achieving objectives relating to public infrastructure and services.
Public or public/private development initiatives when the private market fails to address certain needs—low-income housing or urban redevelopment for example.
Operational programs by government and the community’s role in planning and implementing the programs. Examples include an after-school program, neighborhood watch program or mediation training program.

A development plan shall be submitted to the planning commission for review and recommendation to the council. The council may modify or amend a development plan by deleting or initiating changes to the plan prior to enacting it by ordinance. A development plan shall be reviewed every five years after adoption.

2.2.3 Public Facility Plan.

A public facility plan is a long-range plan for a public service system, such as solid waste, drainageways, parks and recreation, solid waste, and transportation, or a master plan for a specific facility, such as a landfill. A public facility plan assists a department or agency responsible for the public service system to examine, direct and prioritize its resources. A public facility plan can be as critical to a community’s planning efforts as a development. There are numerous General Plan policies that direct the preparation or update of a variety of public facility plans. Therefore, the planning director must provide support to government agencies preparing public facility plans that affect the island of Hawai‘i. The coordination between development planning and public facility planning is imperative.

Authorization to prepare a public facility plan or to update an existing public facility plan shall be given by the Council by resolution. The resolution shall state establish the funding source, the scope and purpose of the public facility plan, the responsible agency, and the timeframe for completion.

A public facility plan shall be submitted to the Council for adoption by ordinance. The council may modify or amend a public facility plan by deleting or initiating changes to the plan prior to enacting it by ordinance. A public facility plan shall be reviewed every five years after adoption.

2.2.4 Short-range compliance and implementation at the County level.

At the County level, implementation of the General Plan is achieved primarily by way of enacting specific regulatory, funding and program mechanisms in the form of ordinances and resolutions. Short-range compliance is achieved through the adoption of specific mechanisms, such as the zoning code and subdivision codes, the operating and capital budgets, and other regulatory and enabling tools. The General Plan objectives, policies, standards, and courses of action should be reflected with the adoption of these specific mechanisms, and should provide focus and justification for department and agency programs, goals and budgeting.

Adoption of the County’s annual operating budget and capital improvement program and budget is the final step in a comprehensive planning process. As such, the operating and capital improvement budgets should be consistent with the General Plan. To assure progress is made in the General Plan program, the following shall be completed:

Assigning Program Policies: The mayor shall assign the programmatic policies of the General Plan, adopted development plans, and adopted public facility plans to appropriate lead county departments and agencies. The programmatic policy assignments and any assignment changes shall be reported to the County council.
Departmental Strategic/Performance Plans: Under the guidance of the mayor and coordination of the planning department, each executive department/agency shall develop a strategic performance plan that includes the programmatic policies assignments. Each plan shall, at the least, contain departmental mission statements, goals, objectives, priorities, courses of action and success measures and indicators. A departmental strategic/performance plan shall align all General Plan, development plan, and public facility plan objectives, policies, and courses of actions applicable to the department’s role and responsibility. To the extent possible, measurable performance indicators shall be developed. Coordinating government departments and agencies necessary for implementation may be listed. The strategic/performance plans and revisions shall be submitted to the Council for review and approval.
Annual Reporting: An annual report to monitor implementation of the General Plan, development plans and facility plans shall be submitted by the assigned executive department through the mayor for review. The mayor shall submit the annual report to the council together with the capital and operational budgets in accordance with the budget timetable set forth in the Charter.

2.3 GENERAL PLAN REVIEW

Although the General Plan projects desired growth over a long-term period spanning at least twenty years, the County Council shall determine on ten-year intervals whether the General Plan should be comprehensively reviewed. If undertaken, such review would consider the elements of the General Plan and, whether, in light of certain substantial changes in economic conditions or trends, different levels of community needs have emerged that should be addressed through amendments. General Plan amendment procedures are set forth in the Hawai‘i County Code.

THE COUNTY OF HAWAI‘I

3.1 OUR ISLAND

The County of Hawai‘i encompasses the island of Hawai‘i, which is the southeasternmost, largest and youngest island of the Hawaiian archipelago. The land area, 2,578,048 acres, is at least twice the combined land area of all the other islands of the State.

The County is divided into nine geographical or judicial districts: Puna (319,680 acres), South Hilo (252,416 acres), North Hilo (206,400 acres), Hamakua (371,520 acres), North Kohala (85,056 acres), South Kohala (225,088 acres), North Kona (312,960 acres), South Kona (214,656 acres), and Ka‘u (590,272 acres). Each district is economically, socially, culturally, and environmentally interrelated to one another.

The County’s resident population was 148,677 in 2000, more than doubling the number of residents in 1970 (63,468). The County’s resident population is estimated to be 217,718 by the year 2020.

3.2 PRINCIPLES

Our citizens are the heart of our community. Its residents are a mixture of many cultures and backgrounds who value the legacies left by those who have come before them. They respect the personal rights of others, the family and the unique gifts and talents of individual community members. There is a commitment to safeguard our island and its non-renewable natural resources for present and future generations. At the same time, the community’s economic, educational and physical infrastructure must be sound to sustain the quality of life our citizens desire.

3.3 ISLAND-WIDE VISION STATEMENT

The County of Hawai‘i is an attractive community where cultural, social and economic diversity is accepted and respected, where the natural beauty and the ahupua‘a land system is a part of our island and treated as valued resources, where desired growth of the county is balanced with responsible resource management, where people feel safe and secure, where physical infrastructure and public services to support residents and visitors are planned and developed with the consequences of past and future actions in mind, where sustainability is a shared responsibility, and where mind, body and spirit are nurtured.

3.4 DISTRICT VISION STATEMENTS

3.4.1 Puna District Vision Statement

The Puna District is characterized by agricultural activities, growing rural residential subdivisions forming rural villages, small-scale tourist-related activities, rugged coastlines, a low-land rainforest known as Wao Kele ‘O Puna, an active volcano within the Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, and geothermal resources.

There are distinct planned or natural boundaries that emerge between communities. Keaau and Pahoa serve as the principle area for goods and services for Puna Mauka and Puna Makai, respectively. New urban centers are located near large rural subdivisions to provide goods and services to the residents of Puna Makai. Small-scale visitor accommodations including bed and breakfast operations and hotel properties within Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park with related uses are offered. Medium-scale resort amenities provide a cultural experience to visitors. Commercial and residential growth within existing villages, such as Kea‘au, Kurtistown, Mountain View, Glenwood, Volcano, and Pahoa, are encouraged and may be expanded.

Low density rural and agricultural uses dominate the landscape between existing communities.

Existing communities are strengthened to provide additional commercial goods and services, and new commercial cores in Puna Makai to service a number of existing subdivisions containing a stock of 57,000+ buildable lots are established.

Industrial activities related to the geothermal resource may be established.

An open space corridors along the Volcano Highway and a historical preservation corridor along the Puna Makai coastline promote a rural/agricultural ambiance.

State Highway 130 (Keaau-Pahoa Road), which serves residents of Puna Mauka and Puna Makai, will be widened to four lanes from the Keaau Bypass to County Highway 132 (Pahoa-Kapoho Road) intersection.

New State/County highways between State Highway 130 (Keaau-Pahoa Road) and State Highway 11 (Volcano Road) and between Puna and Hilo are identified in the Puna Regional Circulation Plan and will be constructed to provide alternate routes for the safety of the residents of Puna Mauka and Puna Makai.

The Puna Emergency Access Road, running through the Hawaiian Acres and Ainaloa subdivisions, will be improved to insure access of emergency vehicles and provides an alternate route between State Highway 130 and State Highway 11 for residents in both Puna Mauka and Puna Makai.

Water resources to both Puna Mauka and Puna Makai are provided through expanded water pipelines and through an alternate distribution method, such as franchised trucking operations.

A comprehensive flood study for the subdivisions between and along State Highway 11 and State Highway 130 will be developed and implemented.

3.4.2 South Hilo District Vision Statement

The South Hilo District serves as the major economic hub of East Hawai‘i fueled by the island’s principal government functions, the University of Hawai‘i, a robust scientific and research base, agricultural support such as shipping and processing, and visitor amenities. Its deep-water port and international airport drive the economic base.

The City of Hilo is a pedestrian-friendly urban community with pockets of sub-communities providing basic goods and services.

The major commercial retail and office functions are within existing corridors and expanded as follows:

Primary commercial core mauka (west) and south of Downtown and Kaiko‘o and in the vicinity of the Prince Kuhio Shopping Center.
Secondary commercial uses in and around the University area foster the creation of a "College-Friendly Town".

Industrial uses are within existing industrial-designated areas, with heavy industrial uses to be generally near the airport and immediate surrounding areas and at Shipman Industrial Park in Kea‘au. Light industrial areas will be within existing designated areas and may be expanded gradually in the Waiakea Houselots area.

Principal resort accommodations are located along Banyan Drive with small-scale visitor accommodations, such as B&B’s and inns, within the urban core and in outlying areas.

Residential uses will continue in existing areas and will expand through a mixture of residential uses/types generally in the Waiakea Uka and Kaumana areas, with appropriate land uses and visual characteristics to foster a sense of community.

Open space along natural drainage ways are maintained to facilitate flood plain management.

Bayfront Parks, Banyan Drive, and the Keaukaha coast serve as natural outdoor recreation areas for both active and passive activities.

The rural communities of Papaikou, Pepeekeo, Honomu and Hakalau are each unique in character having once been robust centers for sugar plantation life. Each community has a commercial core to conveniently support the surrounding residential and diversified agricultural activities.

The growing agricultural industry and the natural drainage ways provide open space between these communities.

3.4.3 North Hilo District Vision Statement

The district of North Hilo has an economy focused largely on diversified agriculture. The dominant villages are Laupahoehoe, Papaaloa and Ookala. North Hilo is characterized by densely vegetated gulches and valleys interspersed with large tracts of agricultural land much of which was formerly in sugar production. Laupahoehoe Point remains one of the most outstanding areas of natural beauty in North Hilo with its rugged coastal point with pounding surf.

These existing communities are strengthened by providing for supportive land uses. Regional commercial uses may be established in Laupahoehoe.

Rural/agricultural uses are situated between existing communities providing distinct planned or natural boundaries.

The economic base is diversified and historical assets of the area, including the former sugar industry, are enhanced. Small farmers are important to revitalizing the agricultural economy.

Businesses are encouraged to maintain the plantation heritage of the area to attract and educate the visitor industry.

Bed and breakfast establishments are available.

3.4.4 Hamakua District Vision Statement

The district of Hamakua has an economy focused largely on small- and large-scale agriculture and retreat visitor uses. Various agricultural crops, ranching, and tree farms have replaced the lands formerly in sugar production. The dominant towns are Honoka‘a and Paauilo.

Hamakua is tropically lush along the lower elevations with densely vegetated gulches and valleys along the coast. The most famous of these is Waipio Valley, which contains taro fields and limited recreational activities, with its waterfalls and tropical rainforests. This district includes the spectacular mountains of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa.

Existing communities are strengthened by providing for supportive land uses. Regional commercial uses may be established in Honoka‘a and Laupahoehoe.

Rural/agricultural uses are situated between existing communities providing distinct planned or natural boundaries. Forestry and the native hardwood industries are supported.

The utilization of Mauna Kea for astronomical research is supported at restricted levels and limited visitor facilities are allowed.

The historical assets of the area, including existing ranching operations and the former sugar industry, are paid homage. The historic Hamakua ditch is revitalized to provide water for farms and ranches.

Businesses are encouraged to maintain the plantation heritage of the area to attract and educate the visitor industry. Honokaa strives to preserve much of its historical, architectural character and lifestyle.

Bed and breakfast establishments and small historic hotels are available.

3.4.5 North Kohala District Vision Statement

The North Kohala District is a rural-agricultural community with vast open spaces. Ranching dominates much of the lands, providing open space and scenic vistas. Urban centers include Hawi, Kapa‘au, and Kohala Ranch. The North Kohala District serves as the northern gateway to the Kohala Mountains and its isolated valleys. Kohala is rich in historic and cultural resources from the birthplace of Kamehameha I and early Hawaiian settlements to early Christian churches.

Coastal vistas makai of Akoni-Pule highway from Kohala Ranch area to Upolu Point and along coastal areas from ‘Upolu Point to Pololu Valley provide meaningful open space.

New urban development is centered around existing urban areas of Hawi and Kapa‘au, including expansion of commercial uses in these areas to accommodate population.

Increased employment opportunities are available for the residents of North Kohala by including small-scale development of resort/tourism based activities, such as eco-tours, bed and breakfast and retreat centers, in appropriate areas.

Affordable housing opportunities accommodate the existing community around the villages of Hawi and Kapa‘au.

Access to coastal areas, including fishing and surfing sites as well as to mountain areas are maintained in keeping with the protection/appropriate use of resources.

Kohala Mountain Road provides unique scenic vistas and open space.

The individual identities and characteristics of villages along Akoni-Pule Highway are retained and enhanced by clear limits to development areas and open space guidelines between existing villages.

Historic buildings are preserved and the style of historic commercial buildings is retained in new development in the villages.

3.4.6 South Kohala District Vision Statement

The South Kohala District is dominated by the Kohala Mountains to the north and Mauna Kea to the south. The South Kohala District will remain as one of the world’s premier resort destinations. The South Kohala District will continue as the ranching center of the island with vast open spaces and truck farming will be encouraged in productive areas. South Kohala’s coastal areas are characterized by white sand beaches. A greenbelt open space provides the separation between Waikoloa Village and Waimea.

The hillside above Waimea remains in open space, providing a clear boundary to the village and a scenic resource to the community.

Waimea continues to expand as the commercial, educational, health, and service center for the North Hawai‘i region. The town center is oriented around the Mamalahoa Highway/Lindsey Road intersection area and will stay within the limits established by Fukushima store on the east and the Pu‘u‘opelu complex on the west.

Ranching dominates the landscape and provides open space/vistas around Waimea.

Premier resort facilities in the coastal areas provide opportunities for both visitors and residents.

The coastal areas are enhanced for public access and use. ‘Ohai‘ula, Hapuna State Park and Puako recreational area is a world-class beach/coastal recreational area.

Waimea is an important agricultural area. The farmlands along Mamalahoa Highway and the Lalamilo area are protected.

A "greenway" system within Waimea provides alternative transportation modes to accommodate bikers, walkers and horses.

Kawaihae Commercial Harbor is improved to accommodate needs of West Hawai‘i as well as to ensure that non-commercial boating uses are accommodated/expanded.

Waikoloa Village is an emerging residential and commercial center. A full range of services provides for the needs of the residents in the area.

3.4.7 North Kona Vision Statement

The Kona district continues to be known for its sunny skies, beautiful vistas, and pristine waters, as well as diversified agriculture, historic and cultural resources, casual lifestyle, and friendly residents.

The land north of Keahole is characterized by open space and low density uses with public shoreline parks and access points. Resorts and related uses are located at Manini‘owali, Kuki‘o, and Ka‘upulehu. Residential uses are concentrated in the urban areas between Queen Ka’ahumanu and Mamalahoa Highways.

From Keahole to Keauhou, the land is characterized by urban uses, interspersed with open space and public shoreline accesses. Economic centers are located in areas adjacent to Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway. Historic Kailua Village and Bay serve as the traditional residential, economic and recreational hub, although expansion of Honokohau Harbor, development of nearby business parks, including the unique Hawai‘i Ocean and Science Technology Park, coupled with expanded civic, commercial, residential, educational, and recreational facilities, especially north of Kailua, provide improved opportunities for residents and visitors alike.

Residents and visitors enjoy access to traditional shoreline and mountain areas. A ribbon of public recreational opportunities extend from Kailua to Kiholo and beyond.

Affordable housing is available within and close to the urban core and employment centers.

Adequate and concurrent public infrastructure facilities are available throughout the district, including safe and up-to-date roadways, public safety services, along with recreational, educational, civic and medical facilities.

Alternative and accessible public transportation is available not only in the urban core, but also to the nearby and outlying residential areas, with Kailua serving as the system hub. Pedestrian and bicycle pathways are part of the urban area roadway corridors, with traditional and publicly-owned mauka-makai trails utilized to maintain local community contacts and provide recreational opportunities.

Areas mauka of Mamalahoa Highway are characterized by large forested tracts, open space, large 5+ acre agricultural lots and low-density residential use, offering important protection of the Kona watershed and mauka recharge areas. As part of this protection, natural drainageways below Mamalahoa Highway are identified and set aside as open space.

The mauka communities along the heritage corridor between Keopu and Kealakekua continue to offer traditional and longstanding residential-agricultural opportunities, with smaller 1-5 acre farms in the coffee belt adjacent to and below Mamalahoa Highway.

3.4.8 South Kona District Vision Statement

The South Kona District has an economic base that is primarily agricultural focusing on coffee, macadamia nuts, and diversified crops. It has quiet rural communities with services/commercial areas geared to the local community. The upland areas are characterized by native forests and ranching. South Kona history provides religious, social and political significance before and after the arrival of Captain Cook at Kealakekua Bay. Rugged coastal areas in South Kona limit accessibility.

Commercial activities are centered around existing villages along Mamalahoa Highway. Limited expansion of residential and commercial services accommodate the growing community. The individual identities and characteristics of these villages are retained and enhanced by clear limits to development areas and open space guidelines between existing villages.

Limited new commercial uses serve existing population/subdivisions to the south of Kealakekua.

The coastal villages, including Napo‘opo‘o, Ke‘ei, Honaunau, and Ho‘okena, retain and enhance their unique lifestyles and character.

The upland areas, including native forests and ranching areas as well as the undeveloped wild coastal areas south of Ho‘okena, serve as important watershed and open space resources.

The transportation system will be improved to accommodate the inter-regional traffic from the growing communities to the south.

Kealakekua Bay State Park is a world-class area of natural beauty. The coastal area between Kealakekua Bay and North Kona boundary is in open space and accessible for public enjoyment and education.

The rural lifestyle of South Kona is retained and enhanced with commercial development being limited to existing urban centers and by limiting urban density development in the rural/agricultural areas.

Fishing and ocean-based industries are encouraged.

3.4.9 Ka‘u District Vision Statement

The Ka‘u District’s economy is focused on small- and large-scale agriculture, including ranching, with pockets of small- to large-scale tourism. Internationally renowned Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park (HVNP) stretches from the former Kahuku Ranch to the northern border with Puna. This 300,00+ acre park is the most visited park in Hawai‘i with a large hotel and visitor complex. Punalu‘u Beach with its small black sand beach is also a major attraction for both local residents and visitors. Pahala has a rapidly growing visitor industry serviced by bed and breakfast operations. The existing communities of Pahala, Na‘alehu, and Hawaiian Ocean View Estates and pockets of sub-communities provide goods and services as desired by local residents and visitors. The Ocean View community serves as another gateway community to HVNP. The Hawaiian Homelands Commission is providing new residential lots to Hawaiians in Punalu‘u, Discovery Harbor and in the south point area.

Principal commercial goods and services are provided by the three major communities of Ocean View, Na‘alehu, and Pahala.

Unanticipated industrial uses are accommodated to help diversify and support the area’s economy, provided the affected communities are materially involved in the decision-making process.

Residential uses within existing communities and in and around existing and potential economic generators are established.

Permit new bona fide agricultural subdivisions that are built to standard.

Very low-density rural and agricultural uses are encouraged to exist between communities.

Reliable potable and agricultural water sources and systems and infrastructure are developed for existing residents.

Historic non-renewable cultural resources are protected and preserved. This area contains some of the least disturbed remnants of villages, heiaus, burials, and other important components of Hawaiian culture.

Public ownership of County parks are pursued to guarantee recreational resources for future generations. Punalu`u Park is publicly-owned so that natural features and wildlife habitat are protected or enhanced. Whittington Beach Park is expanded with adequate open space available for residents.

GENERAL PLAN ELEMENTS

4.1 ECONOMIC ELEMENT

Development of sound public policy requires an understanding of the economic factors affecting the planning area or region. Such factors are largely responsible for growth or lack of growth, and any planning effort must take them into account. In varying degrees, the other elements of the planning process are affected by the economy.

4.1.1 Economic Objectives

Provide an economic environment that allows new, expanded, or improved opportunities that are in balance with the County’s physical, cultural, natural and social environment.
Strive for diversification and stability in the economy by strengthening existing industries and attracting new endeavors.
Promote and develop the island of Hawai‘i into a unique scientific and cultural model.

4.1.2 Economic Policies

Assist in the expansion of the agricultural industry through:

(1) The identification and protection of important agricultural lands by the State.

(2) Development of marketing plans and programs, including the recognition of products produced on the island of Hawai‘i.

(3) Cooperative marketing and distribution endeavors for export and the removal of marketing restrictions on Hawaiian fruits and other perishables.

(4) The development of overseas capacity of Hilo International Airport.

(5) Capital improvements and continued cooperation with appropriate State and Federal agencies.

Encourage the expansion of the research and development industry by working with and supporting the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo and West Hawai‘i, the Natural Energy Laboratory at Hawai‘i Authority and other agencies and organizations.
Encourage the development of a visitor industry that is in harmony with the social, physical, and economic goals of the residents of the County.
Encourage the sustainable development of the fishing industry, various forms of aquaculture, and fresh and sea water-based activities.
Support educational, employment and training opportunities and institutions.
Support a capital improvements program to improve the quality of existing commercial and industrial areas, as appropriate.
Identify and encourage primary industries that are consistent with the social, physical, and economic goals of the residents of the County.
Promote a distinctive identity for the island of Hawai‘i to enable government, business and travel industries to promote the County of Hawai‘i as an entity unique within the State of Hawai‘i.
Identify the needs of the business community and support actions that are necessary to improve the business climate.
Encourage programs and activities that support appropriate emerging industries on the island of Hawai‘i, such as the health and wellness sector, the retirement industry, advanced and high technology, and the film and video industry.

4.1.3 District Courses of Action

4.1.3.1 Puna

Assist the further development of the agricultural industry by providing support services to commodity groups and other organizations such as farmer's cooperatives, protecting important agricultural lands, and requesting and providing necessary capital improvements.
Resort growth should enhance and be in keeping with the area's rural character.
Assist the fishing industry through a cooperative effort with State and Federal agencies.
Support the development and utilization of geothermal resources and by-products consistent with the environmental, social, economic and other goals expressed elsewhere in the General Plan.

4.1.3.2 South Hilo

Encourage the State to provide the necessary funds for the development of the university complex and airport facilities. Provide necessary support services and facilities to aid the development of these complexes.
Continue to implement a program to revitalize historic downtown Hilo.
Encourage manufacturing operations that utilize local raw materials, such as macadamia nut shells and timber.
Assist the fishing industry through a cooperative effort with State and Federal agencies.
Assist in the formulation and implementation of management education and manpower training programs to strengthen the overall skill levels of its work force to be compatible with existing and emerging industries.
Support the development of a master plan for lands within the vicinity of the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo to incorporate a "college town" concept utilizing an appropriate mixture of residential, commercial and other land uses to complement the university's infrastructure.
Explore the feasibility of expanding the Afook-Chinen Auditorium into an athletic-exhibition-conference facility that can attract additional activities and visitors to the Hilo area.
Support the efforts of the Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center to renovate the abandoned sewage treatment plant in Keaukaha into an aquaculture center.
Coordinate with the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo to establish an aquacultural program along accessible areas of the Hilo coast for research, demonstration, and development purposes.
Support the construction and development of the USDA’s Pacific Basin Agricultural Resource Center facility.

4.1.3.3 North Hilo

Assist the further development of agriculture. A program to expand agriculture should be developed and implemented.
Work with community groups and organizations to identify and develop potential cottage industries.
Support the development of a native hardwood industry.

4.1.3.4 Hamakua

Assist the further development of agriculture and continue to cooperate with the agricultural sector and other appropriate agencies to provide the necessary services to assist agriculture.
Allow the development of limited visitor facilities that will not detract from the natural beauty of the area.
Develop a tourism industry that will promote small business development by maintaining the plantation heritage of the area.
Diversify the economic base and enhance historical aspects of the area including existing ranching operations and the former sugar industry.
Support the growth of a forestry industry within the district.
Support the growth of astronomical research and development.

4.1.3.5 North Kohala

Aid in the expansion of agriculture through the protection of important agricultural lands.
Resort facilities compatible with the physical, social and economic goals of the residents of the district should be considered.
Encourage the establishment of an open farmer’s market in North Kohala.
Assist in the formulation and implementation of education and manpower training programs to strengthen the overall skill level of the local residents to compete in existing and emerging sustainable and environmentally sound industries and businesses.
Work with communities and residents (community groups and organizations) to identify and develop potential cottage industries and provide flexibility in land use to accommodate these potential cottage industries.
Support efforts to promote small business development that is consistent with the rural, agricultural, and historic character of the area.
Assist the communities and residents in diversifying the economic base in ways that are consistent with the rural, agricultural, and historic character of North Kohala.

4.1.3.6 South Kohala

Assist in the development of agriculture by protecting important agricultural land from urbanization, providing or having provided the necessary capital improvements, such as water, and working cooperatively with the agricultural sector and government.
Work closely with the State and the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands to provide adequate land close to Kawaihae Harbor for industrial activities.
Recognize the diversity of climate, the quality of the ocean water and the natural beauty of the hills as vital economic and social assets of the region to be protected through appropriate regulations.
Resort development in the district shall be in an orderly fashion and consistent with the physical and social goals of the residents of the area. Utilize tools such as incremental zoning to insure development that will best meet the needs of the County.
Encourage the preservation of the rural, ranching character within the town of Waimea.
Support the growth of astronomical research and development.

4.1.3.7 North Kona

Resort development in the area shall be in balance with the social and physical goals as well as economic desires of the residents of the district. Necessary pollution controls shall be available prior to development. Other necessary support facilities such as transportation and nursery facilities shall also be provided.
Assist in the further development of agriculture, including forestry and aquaculture activities. Necessary capital improvements that will aid agriculture, such as water, should be given priority for funding.
Continue to encourage development of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawai‘i Authority as a marine research and commercial facility.
Encourage and support the development of Hawai‘i Community College in West Hawai‘i, including the University of Hawai‘i Center.
Assist the fishing and boating industry through a cooperative effort with State and Federal agencies.
Recognize the natural beauty of the area as a major economic and social asset. This resource should be protected through appropriate review processes when development is proposed.
Improve Kailua Village to maintain its viability as a popular visitor destination.
Increase affordable housing opportunities in the Kailua-Kona area.

4.1.3.8 South Kona

Assist the further development of agriculture by protecting important agricultural land from urbanization, and by providing necessary resources, such as water.
Resort development in the area should not destroy the natural resources and historical significance of the area.
Assist the fishing industry through a cooperative effort with State and Federal agencies.
Encourage ocean-based industries, such as aquaculture, in the area.
Encourage eco-tourism and agricultural tourism as regional opportunities.
Establish buffers on undeveloped lands around Kealakekua Bay to assure preservation of the region’s unique environment and cultural resources.

4.1.3.9 Ka’u

Balance development with the social and physical environment of the area. Provisions for orderly development, housing, and pollution controls shall be implemented.
Assist the fishing industry, other ocean based industries, and aquaculture through a cooperative effort with State and Federal agencies.
Recognize the natural beauty of the area as a major economic and social asset. Protect this resource through appropriate review processes when development is proposed.

4.2 HISTORIC SITES

The identity of a community evolves from the past. The Historic Sites Element encompasses our historic past and the recent past, which has seen the immigration of various ethnic groups that have blended to create today’s Hawai‘i.

4.2.1 Historic Sites Objectives

Identify, protect, and restore the sites, which includes complexes, buildings, and objects of significant historical and cultural importance to Hawai‘i.
Appropriate access to significant historic sites, buildings, and objects of public interest should be made available.
Encourage a program to inform the public about the history, resources and practices of the Hawaiian Islands.

4.2.2 Historic Sites Policies

Develop policies to recognize and protect traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights as provided by law.
Support the state in its inventory of historic sites and places, public educational programs, evaluation of the significance of historic sites, and establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors.
Agencies and organizations, either public or private, pursuing knowledge about historic sites should keep the public apprised of projects.
Amend appropriate ordinances to incorporate the stewardship and protection of historic sites, buildings and objects.
Require both public and private developers of land to provide historical and archaeological surveys and cultural assessments, where appropriate, prior to the clearing or development of land when there are indications that the land under consideration has historical significance.
Public access to significant historic sites and objects shall be acquired, where appropriate.
Establish a program to restore significant historic sites on County lands. Assure the protection and restoration of sites on other public lands through a joint effort with the State.
Encourage the restoration of significant sites on private lands.
Support programs to limit public information on the location of historically-sensitive sites.
Encourage the provision of signs explaining historic sites, buildings and objects that are in keeping with the character of the area or the cultural aspects of the feature.
Encourage the incorporation of certain natural features important to Hawaiian culture in land use planning.

4.2.3 District Courses of Action

4.2.3.1 Puna

Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors.

4.2.3.2 North & South Hilo

Support the development of Kalakaua Park and its surrounding area as the Kalakaua Park Heritage Area and the restoration of its historic significance to Hilo.
Identify historic sites within the South Hilo District for inclusion within the Hawaiian Heritage Corridor Program.

4.2.3.3 Hamakua

Coordinate with the community to identify historical sites and buildings for inclusion in a heritage corridor program.

4.2.3.4 North Kohala

Coordinate with the communities and residents of North Kohala to identify historic sites and buildings for protection and preservation.
Encourage the preservation of historic buildings and promote new development, that matches the style of historic commercial buildings in the area.
Recognize the natural beauty and history of the area as a major economic and social asset to be protected and perpetuated as part of the uniqueness of the island.

4.2.3.5 South Kohala

Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors.

4.2.3.6 North Kona

Establish suitable visual buffers for the Keakealaniwahine and Keolanahihi complexes as a condition of rezoning or Special Management Area permits, for nearby properties.

4.2.3.7 South Kona

Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors.
Adopt the Heritage Corridor Plan, which includes lands from Holualoa to Honanau.
Establish buffers on undeveloped lands around Kealakekua Bay to assure preservation of the region’s unique environment and cultural resources.

4.2.3.8 Ka’u

Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors.

4.3 HOUSING ELEMENT

In an economic setting, the construction of housing is an essential contributor to business, industry and employment. The location of housing on the other hand is dependent upon the location of other economic and employment opportunities, such as agriculture or resort developments.

In the physical setting, housing and its residential land use component utilize a significant portion of the County’s urban lands. The placement or settlement patterns and the form of housing are major influences on the environment and aesthetic setting of the island.

From government’s perspective, adequate housing for residents is part of the considerations of public health, welfare and safety. Housing and residential use of land is a generator of government revenue through local real property taxes. The revenues are balanced by significant expenditures of public funds for roads, schools, protective services and other capital improvement projects that service residential areas. Thus, the provision of housing requires the coordination of planning and implementation on all levels of government.

The availability of housing is dependent on a number of interrelated factors, including the availability of appropriately zoned land and infrastructure, and the cost of raw land and its development. The Housing Element must consider future costs of constructing a house and the ability of individuals to purchase or rent these units. Government housing programs, therefore, influence and are influenced by the diverse needs of our residents.

In the collective sense, the Housing Element is related to all other elements of the General Plan. It is most directly related to the Land Use Element. Moreover, the Housing Element is directly influenced by the County’s desired growth directions.

4.3.1 Housing Objectives

Attain safe, sanitary, and livable housing for the residents of the County of Hawai‘i.
Maintain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix throughout the different parts of the County.
Create viable communities with affordable housing and suitable living environments.
Improve and maintain the quality and affordability of the existing housing inventory.
Seek sufficient production of new affordable rental and fee-simple housing in a variety of sizes to satisfactorily accommodate the needs and desires of families and individuals.
Ensure that housing is available to all persons regardless of age, sex, marital status, ethnic background, and income.
Locate affordable housing in reasonable proximity to employment centers.
Encourage and expand home ownership opportunities for residents.

4.3.2 Housing Policies

Formulate a program for housing that identifies specific mechanisms to implement the housing objectives, and adopt ordinances and rules to assure their execution.
Utilize housing powers and programs to accomplish housing objectives and seek out new programs and resources to address the housing needs of the residents.
Support programs that improve, maintain, and rehabilitate the existing housing inventory to maintain the viability of existing communities.
Encourage a volume of construction and rehabilitation of housing sufficient to meet growth needs and correct existing deficiencies.
Industries or developments that create a demand for housing shall provide employee housing based upon a ratio to be determined by an analysis of the locality's needs.
Initiate and participate in activities with the private sector including the provision of leadership and expertise to neighborhoods and nonprofit organizations in the development of housing and community development projects.
Investigate, develop, and promote the creation of new innovative and timely financing techniques and programs to reduce the cost of housing.
Encourage the use of suitable public lands for housing purposes in fee or lease.
Promote research and development of methods, programs, and activities including the review of regulatory requirements and procedures as they affect housing, to reduce the costs consistent with the public health, safety and welfare.
Utilize financing techniques that reduce the cost of housing, including the issuance of tax-exempt bonds and the implementation of interim financing programs.
Encourage corporations and nonprofit organizations to participate in Federal, State and private programs to provide new and rehabilitated housing for low- and moderate-income families.
Increase rental opportunities and choices in terms of quality, cost, amenity, style and size of housing, especially for low and moderate-income households.
Ensure that adequate infrastructure is available in appropriate locations to support the timely development of affordable housing.
Investigate the use of the County's taxing powers as a possible means to increase the supply of affordable housing.
Work with, encourage and support private sector efforts in the provision of affordable housing.
Evaluate the County’s affordable housing program to assure its effectiveness and applicability.
Encourage the construction of specially designed facilities or communities for elderly persons needing institutional care and small home care units for active elderly persons.
Accommodate the housing requirements of special need groups including the elderly, handicapped, homeless, and those residents in rural areas.
Encourage the development of affordable retirement communities.

4.3.3 District Courses of Action

4.3.3.1 Puna

Consider and encourage the use of a variety of mechanisms to provide the necessary infrastructure in nonconforming subdivisions.
Encourage the maintenance and rehabilitation of the existing housing inventory to maintain the viability of existing communities.

4.3.3.2 South Hilo

Encourage the State to provide student, faculty, and staff housing for the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo and the Hawai‘i Community College.
Aid and encourage in a variety of programs for the replacement or rehabilitation of housing units.
Aid and encourage housing projects for low and moderate income families, "gap-groups" and the elderly.
Aid and encourage the development of State lands for housing for all socio-economic levels through leasehold or purchase.

4.3.3.3 North Hilo

Coordinate and participate with the State and Federal governments in providing rural housing programs for low and moderate income families, "gap groups" and the elderly.

4.3.3.4 Hamakua

Aid and encourage programs to rehabilitate and replace the existing housing inventory, including consideration for self-help programs.

4.3.3.5 North Kohala

Require developments that create a demand for employee housing provide for that need.
Aid and encourage programs to rehabilitate and replace the existing housing inventory, including consideration for self-help programs.

4.3.3.6 South Kohala

Require developments that create a demand for employee housing provide for that need.
Aid and encourage the development of State lands for housing for all socioeconomic levels through leasehold or purchase.
Aid and encourage housing programs for low and moderate income, "gap groups" and the elderly.
County-owned land at Waikoloa Village shall be made available for the development of affordable housing.

4.3.3.7 North Kona

Encourage the use of innovative types of housing developments, such as cluster and planned unit developments, that take advantage of the steep topographic conditions.
Require developments that create a demand for employee housing provide for that need.
Increase affordable housing opportunities in the Kailua-Kona area.

4.3.3.8 South Kona

Encourage the use of innovative types of housing developments, such as cluster and planned unit developments, that take advantage of the steep topographic conditions.
Increase affordable housing opportunities in South Kona.

4.3.3.9 Ka’u

Require developments that create a demand for employee housing provide for that need.

4.4 INFRASTRUCTURE ELEMENT

4.4.1 Public Facilities

Public facilities are those infrastructure service systems that are provided, staffed, and maintained by government to directly serve the residents of the County. Public facilities have been grouped into categories of education, government operations, health and sanitation, parks and recreation, protective services, and transportation.

It is necessary to carefully coordinate the provision of public facilities in order to use them most effectively and to maximize the effect of the public dollar. It is equally necessary to realize that the type, quality, capacity and location of facilities and services have a significant impact on the community, the people and the total environment.

4.4.1.1 Public Facilities Objectives

Encourage the provision of public facilities in appropriate locations that effectively service community and visitor needs.
Seek ways of improving public service through better and more functional energy-efficient facilities in keeping with the environmental and aesthetic concerns of the community.

4.4.1.2 Public Facilities Policies

Establish programs to identify and acquire sites for necessary public facilities in advance of need.
Encourage the construction of energy-efficient County facilities.
Establish appropriate service levels for public facilities.
Coordinate with appropriate State agencies for the provision of public facilities to serve the needs of the community.
Develop short- to long-range capital improvement programs and operating budgets for public facilities and services.
Capital improvement and operating budgets shall reflect the objectives and policies of the County General Plan.
Require a six-year, long-term, capital improvements budget by County departments and agencies that shall be reviewed for consistency with the General Plan.
Develop and adopt an Impact Fees Ordinance to fund identified public facilities.
Develop and adopt enabling financing mechanisms that could be used in conjunction with programs to fund new or expand existing County public facilities.

4.4.1.3 Education

Public schools and libraries and their facilities planning are under the jurisdiction of the State Department of Education.

Higher education is available through the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo (UHH), the University of Hawai‘i West Hawai‘i Campus in Kona, and the Hawai‘i Community College. Long-range development plans for each institution are performed by the school and approved by the State Board of Regents.

Educational policies relate to the provision of facilities rather than programs, although it is recognized that the facilities and programs are the tools necessary to improve total educational service.

4.4.1.3.1 Education Policies

Coordinate school facility planning with the Department of Education and the University of Hawai‘i to identify school sites.
Encourage continuous joint pre-planning of schools with the Department of Education and the University of Hawai‘i to ensure coordination of roads, water, and other support facilities and considerations such as traffic and safety, and access for vehicle, bicycle, and pedestrian. Encourage master planning of present and proposed public and private institutions.
Encourage combining schoolyards with county parks and allowing school facilities to be available for after school use by the community for recreational, cultural, and other compatible uses.
Encourage the Hawai‘i State Library System to seek alternate sites when public libraries are located on the campuses of public schools.

4.4.1.4 Government Operations

This section discusses facilities housing various governmental agencies and baseyard operations. Public office centers consist of a building or complex of buildings that house governmental agencies. Baseyards are the operational, storage and maintenance centers for public works services, such as those provided by the road and water departments. These baseyards also serve as agency field offices.

4.4.1.4.1 Government Operation Policies

Public office center sites shall satisfy modern and reasonable requirements of accessibility and compatibility with the surrounding neighborhood.
The multipurpose concept of flexibility to satisfy changing requirements should be part of the design for public buildings.
Architecture and landscaping shall reflect the community's attributes as much as possible.

4.4.1.5 Health and Sanitation

4.4.1.5.1 Hospitals

Actual planning of health programs and construction of health facilities are the direct responsibility of the State.

The role of State and private hospitals are determined by the island’s geography and population distribution and the community to be served. Major medical and surgical care, specialty care, out-patient care, long-term care and/or emergency services may be available at the hospitals. The County’s Fire Department provides emergency medical and ambulance services.

4.4.1.5.1.1 Hospital Policies

Encourage the planning, site identification, and development of new health care facilities or the improvement of existing health care facilities to serve the needs of Hamakua, North and South Kohala, and North and South Kona. Site planning shall consider quiet surroundings, convenient and adequate access, and compatability of adjoining uses.
Encourage the State to continue operation of the rural hospitals.
Encourage the establishment or expansion of community health centers and rural health clinics.

4.4.1.5.2 Public Cemeteries

Public cemeteries and veterans cemeteries are managed by the County Parks and Recreation Department.

4.4.1.5.2.1 Public Cemeteries Policies

Develop and implement a cemeteries master plan for the siting of future cemeteries.
Ensure that public and private cemeteries are compatible with surrounding land uses and provided with adequate access and drainage systems.

4.4.1.5.3 Solid Waste Management

The management of solid waste on the island has undergone significant changes in the past few decades. The adoption of the County’s "Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan" in 1993, as further updated, provides a foundation for decision-making that would guide solid waste management funding, implementation and administration on the island. Recycling, waste diversion, Hilo landfill closure, new technologies, and the question of a material recovery facility are a few of the many issues examined in the "Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan."

4.4.1.5.3.1 Solid Waste Management Policies

Appropriately designed and cost-effective solid waste transfer station sites shall be located in areas of convenience and easy access to the public.
Continue to encourage diversion programs, such as recycling, to reduce the flow of refuse deposited in landfills.
Explore and evaluate waste reduction techniques, processes and facilities to lengthen the life of the landfill(s) with energy conversion being a desirable component.
Encourage development and implementation of a green waste recycling program.

4.4.1.5.4 Wastewater

Adequate sewer disposal systems are vital to safeguard public health and to preserve the environment. An adequate system is one that minimizes contamination of the ground water supply and the coastal waters, beaches and waterborne recreational areas and is not a visual and odor nuisance.

Although Hawai‘i County operates municipal sewerage systems, many communities are served by private wastewater treatment facilities or individual facilities such as cesspools or septic tanks. Because over half of the County's population is served by cesspools, there is an increasing need to create a better system than individual cesspools, particularly in highly urbanized and shoreline areas.

The State Department of Health and the County of Hawai‘i jointly prepared the "Water Quality Management Plan for the County of Hawaii" in 1978 and subsequently updated the plan in 1980. This plan serves as the planning guide for development of regional waste treatment systems and the control of non-point source pollution. To implement the management plan, the County has prepared facility plans for various areas on the island. The facility plans identify problems, potential solutions and costs.

4.4.1.5.4.1 Wastewater Policies

Update the "Sewerage Study for All Urban and Urbanizing Areas of the County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii," December 1970, and the "Water Quality Management Plan for the County of Hawaii," December 1980.
Private systems shall be installed by land developers for major resort and other developments along shorelines and sensitive higher inland areas, except where connection to nearby treatment facilities is feasible and compatible with the County's long-range plans, and in conformance with State and County requirements.
Designate treatment plant sites, sewerage pump station sites, and sewer easements according to the facility plans to facilitate their acquisition.
Seek State and Federal funds to finance the construction of proposed sewer systems and improve existing systems.
Utilize plans for wastewater reclamation and reuse for irrigation and biosolids composting (remaining solids from the treatment of wastewater is processed into a reusable organic material) where feasible and needed.

4.4.1.5.4.2 Wastewater Standard(s)

There shall be a minimum of visual and odor pollution emanating from sewerage treatment facilities.

4.4.1.6 Parks and Recreation

Recreational facilities may be defined in two categories: Resource-based and Facility-based. Resource-based parks provide public access to and enjoyment of an outstanding natural or cultural resource. Valued resources include sandy beaches, non-sandy but protected swimming areas, scenic areas and hiking areas. The Federal and State governments play a dominant role in establishing resource-based parks such as the Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park and Hapuna Beach State Park. Resource-based parks developed by the County are primarily beach parks. The other park category is facility-based parks. These types of parks are primarily developed by the County and provide for organized, spectator, or informal play recreational activities that are not dependent upon a natural resource. Playfields, gymnasiums, swimming pool complexes, and tennis courts are just some examples of facility-based parks.

4.4.1.6.1 Parks and Recreation Objectives

Provide a wide variety of recreational opportunities for the residents and visitors of the County.
Maintain the natural beauty of resource-based recreation areas.
Provide a diversity of environments for active and passive pursuits.

4.4.1.6.2 Parks and Recreation Policies

Strive to equitably allocate facility-based parks among the districts relative to population using public input to determine the locations and types of facilities.
Improve existing public facilities for optimum usage.
Recreational facilities shall reflect the natural, historic, and cultural character of the area.
The use of land adjoining recreation areas shall be compatible with community values, physical resources, and recreation potential.
The "County of Hawaii Recreation Plan" shall be updated to reflect newly identified recreational priorities.
Develop short- and long-range capital improvement programs and plans for recreational facilities that are consistent with the General Plan.
Provide multiple use facilities and a broad recreational program for all age groups, with special considerations for the handicapped, the elderly, and young children.
Coordinate recreational programs and facilities with governmental and private agencies and organizations. Innovative ideas for improving recreational facilities and opportunities shall be considered.
Develop local citizen leadership and participation in recreation planning, maintenance, and programming.
Adopt an on-going program of identification, designation, and acquisition of areas with existing or potential recreational resources, such as land with sandy beaches and other prime areas for shoreline recreation, in cooperation with appropriate governmental agencies.
Public access to the shoreline and public hunting areas shall be provided in accordance with an adopted program of the County of Hawai‘i.
Develop a network of pedestrian access trails to places of scenic, historic, natural or recreational values. This system of trails shall provide, at a minimum, an island-wide route connecting major parks and destinations.
Establish a program to inventory ancient trails, cart roads and old government roads in coordination with the State.
Develop facilities and safe pathway systems for walking, jogging, and biking activities.
Develop a recreation information dissemination system for the public's use.
Consider alternative sources of funding for recreational facilities, including impact fees.

4.4.1.6.3 Parks And Recreation Standards

Regional Park: Is a major recreation area serving several districts and providing indoor and outdoor activities. Is a major center for spectator sports and cultural activities. May include features of historic, geological, and horticultural interests. In the vicinity of major populated areas.

Facilities may include multi-purpose building, auditorium, gymnasium, swimming pool, adequate parking, and facilities for spectator sports: football, baseball, softball, track field, tennis, basketball and volleyball.

District Park: Offers diversified types of recreational activities to an entire district that includes indoor and outdoor sports. Located within a district consisting of several populated communities.

Facilities may include gymnasium with office, storage, restrooms, showers, a center for community and recreational programs, swimming pool, play area and equipment for young children, courts for basketball, tennis, and volleyball, ballfields for soccer, baseball, softball, and football; night lights, and parking.

Community Park: Serves surrounding urban areas, and entire communities in rural areas. Provides active and passive activities. Located within the center of the community or several neighborhoods.

Facilities may include multi-purpose building, gymnasium (where not serviceable from a district park), courts for basketball, volleyball and tennis, ballfields for softball/baseball, soccer, football; play area and equipment for young children, walking and jogging paths, picnic and passive area, night lights and parking.

Neighborhood Park: Provides open space in urbanizing areas for the general aesthetic enjoyment of the outdoors, play areas for young children, and a social gathering place for the neighborhood. Located within the center of the neighborhood and preferably adjacent to a school.

Facilities may include restrooms, drinking water, walking and jogging paths (bike and skating paths), courts for basketball, volleyball and tennis, ballfields for tetherball, baseball/softball and soccer, play area and equipment for young children, and parking.

Community Center: Is a major center for spectator sports, cultural and social activities. Size depends on facilities proposed and accessory uses.

Facilities may include multipurpose building, auditorium, gymnasium, facilities for spectator sports, swimming facility, and parking.

Parks for General Use: Are centered around a major natural asset, such as a sandy beach, a prime forest, or a volcanic feature and includes historic sites whenever feasible. Designed to accommodate users from throughout the County.

Beach parks provide opportunities for swimming/sunbathing, surfing, camping, fishing, boating, nature study, and other pastimes. Every section of the island should be adequately served. Facilities depend on size and intensity of use but should include restrooms with showers, picnic facilities, a defined tent camping area when allowed, drinking water, parking, pavilions of various sizes, and lifeguard facilities.

Wilderness and wildland areas are remote from population centers and have limited access by jeep, hiking, biking, or horseback. Facilities may include trails and unimproved roads, designated hunting and fishing areas, designated conservation areas for nature study and other passive activities, and wilderness camp sites.

4.4.1.7 Protective Services

Protective services consist of fire, police, detention and correctional facilities, civil defense, the Coast Guard, and National Guard armories. The scattered and small population centers on the island generally make protective services difficult in terms of effectively providing fire and police coverage.

The County’s fire stations and volunteer fire stations offer a varied degree of services to communities throughout the island: 24-hour fire fighting, emergency medical services, rescue, hazardous waste response and special services. Its emergency medical ambulance services are contracted with the State Department of Health.

The Hawai‘i County Police Department is charged with enforcing all laws of the state and ordinances of the County related to criminal actions, preserving the public peace, preventing crime, detecting and arresting law offenders, protecting people and property.

The State Department of Public Safety operates correctional facilities for the confinement of pretrial inmates and convicted offenders, and intake service centers for the supervision of offenders. An array of rehabilitative programs is available through the correctional facilities and intake service centers. Detention has become the responsibility of the County Police Department.

The Hawai‘i County Civil Defense Agency directs and coordinates the development and administration of the County's total disaster preparedness and response program to ensure prompt and effective action when natural or man-caused disaster threatens or occurs anywhere in the County.

The United States Coast Guard provides ocean rescue and navigation services, and the National Guard armories are State and Federally funded facilities housing the State militia.

4.4.1.7.1 Protective Services Policies

Develop police and fire facilities as joint use structures, whenever feasible, sited to permit quick and efficient vehicular access.
Plan and develop volunteer fire facilities in appropriate locations to be replaced or to co-exist with full-time Fire/EMS personnel.
Police headquarters shall be located near the geographic center of the service area and near concentrations of commercial and industrial use.
Police and fire stations in outlying districts shall be based on the population to be served and response time rather than on geographic district.
Encourage the further development and expansion of community policing programs and neighborhood and farm watch programs in urban, rural and agricultural communities.
Encourage continued state funding of emergency medical helicopters.
Consider the proximity to fire stations in approving any rezoning to permit urban development.
The Fire Department, in cooperating with other related governmental agencies and the involved land owners, shall prepare a fire protection and prevention plan for forest reserves and other natural areas.
Consider adoption of impact fees to support police and fire facilities.
Encourage the State to emphasize rehabilitation in correctional facilities and to establish additional rehabilitation and counseling centers, including drug and behavioral treatment facilities in secure settings, when necessary.
The County of Hawai‘i Emergency Operations Center shall be improved to meet the requirements set forth by Federal and State regulations.
Develop a database of disasters and events from disaster assessment reports to assist the County and State in identifying mitigation measures and funding priorities for improvements.
Educate the public regarding disaster preparedness and response, especially proper responses for sudden impact hazards.
Encourage the State to evaluate the disaster shelters’ ability to withstand various natural disasters and upgrade or build new shelters as appropriate.

4.4.1.7.2 Protective Service Standards

2.5 police officers per 1,000 resident population.
Fire stations within five miles of concentrated settlement areas.
Provide first response emergency medical service within eight minutes of concentrated settlement areas. Alternative means, such as training police officers or volunteer fire personnel, could be available to provide first response.

4.4.1.8 Transportation

Transportation is the systems and modes of conveyance of people and goods from place to place. It can be considered the major infrastructural element of an area. The different elements of the transportation system ideally need to be planned through an integrated and comprehensive process that includes land use planning. The coordinated planning of transportation facilities requires an understanding of the characteristics of the modes of conveyance and the patterns and densities of the area that they are intended to serve.

4.4.1.8.1 Transportation Objectives

Provide a transportation system whereby people and goods can move efficiently, safely, comfortably and economically.
Make available a variety of modes of transportation that best meets the needs of the public.

4.4.1.8.2 Transportation Policies

Establish a framework of transportation facilities with affected agencies that will promote and influence desired land uses.
The agencies concerned with transportation systems shall provide for present traffic and future demands, including the programmed development of mass transit programs for high growth areas by both the private and public sectors.
Consider the provision of adequate transportation systems to enhance the economic viability of a given area.
Develop a comprehensive, island-wide multi-modal transportation plan that identifies the location and operation of automobile, mass transit, bicycle and pedestrian systems, in coordination with appropriate Federal and State agencies.
Work with various non-profit agencies to coordinate transportation opportunities.

4.4.1.8.2.1 Airports and Harbors

The principal concerns of planning transportation terminals are location, provision of adequate transportation connections to terminals, financing and programming of improvements and services through capital improvement projects, and the planning and zoning of adjacent land uses.

Although the State Department of Transportation is responsible for the actual design, construction and operation of terminals and supporting facilities, the General Plan addresses the location of these facilities in relation to the pattern of overall land uses.

4.4.1.8.2.1.1 Airports and Harbors Policies

Encourage the programmed improvement of existing terminals, including adequate provisions for control of pollution and appropriate and adequate covered storage facilities for agricultural products.
Encourage the State Department of Transportation to implement its plans for transportation terminals and related facilities to promote and influence desired land use policies.
Transportation terminals should be developed in conjunction with the different elements of the overall transportation system.
Encourage maximum use of the island’s airport and harbor facilities.
Encourage the development, maintenance, and enhancement of Hilo and Kawaihae Harbors as detailed within the State’s Harbors Master Plan.
Support the State’s objectives to acquire rights within the runway clear-zones, limit heights within approach zones, and restrict noise-sensitive uses within designated noise contours determined by the State.

4.4.1.8.2.2 Mass Transit

The public mass transit system is operated and managed by the County. Taxi service is regulated by the County.

4.4.1.8.2.2.1 Mass Transit Objective

Provide residents with a variety of public transportation systems that are affordable, efficient, accessible, safe, environmentally friendly, and reliable.

4.4.1.8.2.2.2 Mass Transit Policies

Improve the integration of transportation and land use planning in order to optimize the use, efficiency, and accessibility of existing and proposed mass transportation systems.
Support and encourage the development of alternative modes of transportation, such as enhanced bus services and bicycle paths.
Enhance the mobility of minors, non-licensed adults, low-income, elderly, and people with disabilities through the coordination and provision of public and private non-profit transportation.

4.4.1.8.2.3 Roadways

In planning vehicular transportation, the various systems take into consideration activities or land uses that will continue to generate traffic. New major highways are expected to create new and productive land uses in appropriate locations. Roadways must be planned with other transportation elements, as all contribute to the total movement of people and goods.

4.4.1.8.2.3.1 Roadway Objective

Provide an integrated State and County roadway system so that new major routes will complement and encourage proposed land uses.

4.4.1.8.2.3.2 Roadway Policies

Encourage the programmed improvement of existing roadways by both public and private sectors.
Investigate various methods of funding road improvements, including private sector participation, to meet the growing transportation needs of the island.
Encourage the State to establish a continuous State highway system connecting the County’s major airports and harbors.
Support the development of programs to identify and improve hazardous and substandard sections of roadway and drainage problems.
Coordinate with appropriate Federal and State agencies for the funding of transportation projects for areas of anticipated growth.
Consider the development of alternative means of transportation, such as mass transit, bicycle and pedestrian systems, as a means to increase arterial capacity.
Coordinate the planning of Federal, State, and County street systems to meet program objectives of the other General Plan elements.
Provisions for on-street parking shall be incorporated into the design of street systems.
Encourage the State Department of Transportation to establish special scenic routes within and between communities.
Integrate transportation and drainage systems where feasible.
Support the development of an efficient transit route between east and west Hawai‘i.
Adopt street design standards that accommodate, where appropriate, flexibility in the design of streets to preserve the rural character of an area and encourage a pedestrian-friendly design, including landscaping and planted medians.
Develop minimum street standards for homestead and other currently substandard roadways that are offered for dedication to the County to ensure minimal levels of public safety.
Explore means and opportunities to enhance the shared use of the island’s roadways by pedestrians and bicyclists, in coordination with appropriate government agencies and organizations.
Update the "Bikeway Plan for the County of Hawaii" (1979) to include the development of a safe and usable bikeway system throughout the island.
Work in conjunction with the State to establish a clear agreement of the ownership and maintenance of the old homestead roads.
Develop short- and long-range capital improvement programs and plans for transportation that are consistent with the General Plan.
The County shall determine standards for the dedication and upgrade of existing roads.

4.4.1.8.2.3.3 Roadway Standards

Roadway definitions and standards for new roadway construction:

Primary Arterial: Includes major highways, parkways, and primary arterials that move vehicles in large volumes and at higher speeds from one geographic area to another; highest traffic volume corridor. Designed as a limited access roadway. Primary arterials shall have a minimum right-of-way of 120 feet.
Secondary Arterial: A street of considerable continuity that is primarily a traffic artery between or through large areas; interconnect with and augment primary system. Designed as a limited access roadway. Secondary arterials shall have a minimum right-of-way of 80 feet.
Major Collector: Any street supplementary to the arterial street system that is a means of transit between this system and smaller areas; used to some extent for through traffic and to abutting properties; collect and distribute traffic between neighborhood and arterial system. Major collectors shall have a minimum right-of-way of 60 feet.
Local Streets-commercial/industrial: Local streets within commercial and industrial areas shall have a minimum right-of-way of 60 feet.
Minor Collector and Local Streets: Minor collectors are used at times as through-streets and for access to abutting properties. The principal purpose of a local street is to provide access to property abutting the public right-of-way.

4.4.2 Utilities and Energy

For the foreseeable future, Hawai‘i will continue to be dependent on petroleum to meet its energy demands. Fortunately, Hawai‘i is endowed with a variety of natural energy resources that are renewable for low polluting sources of electricity. Hawai‘i’s dependence on imported petroleum provides the incentive for the promotion of energy efficiency and the development of technologies to harness natural energy resources (solar, hydrologic, wind, and geothermal), and to convert solid waste into a fuel resource.

Public utilities are services regulated by government and provided in response to existing and prospective patterns of development. Changes in land use, population density, and development usually generate changes in the demand and supply of utilities.

This section is concerned with the planning aspects of natural energy resources and its conversion to electricity; gas; telecommunications; and water.

4.4.2.1 Utiities and Energy Objectives

Ensure that adequate, efficient and dependable utility services are available to users.
Encourage maximum efficiency and economy in the provision of public utility services.
Ensure that public utility facilities are designed to fit into their surroundings or are concealed from public view.
Encourage the co-location of multiple utilities in designated corridors.
Strive towards energy self-sufficiency.
Support the establishment of the Big Island as a demonstration community for the development and use of natural energy resources while ensuring the proper balance of the preservation of environmental fitness and ecologically significant areas.

4.4.2.2 Utilities and Energy Policies

Provide utilities and service facilities that minimize total cost to the public and effectively service the needs of the community.
Design utility facilities to minimize conflict with the environment and natural resources.
Upgrade existing utility services to meet the needs of users.
Encourage the clustering of developments in order to reduce the cost of providing utilities.
Short- and long-range capital improvement programs and plans for public utilities within the County’s jurisdiction shall be consistent with the General Plan.
Designate a corridor for the co-location of multiple utilities in appropriate areas.
Strive to assure a sufficient supply of energy to support present and future demands by:

(1) Encouraging expansion of the energy industry and the development of alternate energy resources.

(2) Educating the public on new energy technologies and energy-saving building designs that would foster energy conservation.

(3) Coordinating government and private sector research and funding initiatives.

(4) Encouraging the use of agricultural products and by-products as sources of alternate fuel.

(5) Supporting programs that provide tax, construction, net-metering, and other incentives.

Support programs that seek funding from both government and private sources for research and development of alternative energy resources.
Encourage the continuation of studies concerning the development of power sources that can be distributed at lower costs to consumers.
Encourage the continued development of geothermal resources to meet the energy needs of the County of Hawai‘i.

4.4.2.3 Electricity

Electricity for the County of Hawai‘i is supplied by the Hawai‘i Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO). HELCO purchases its power from privately-owned companies and supplements the balance through HELCO-owned steam units, diesel units, and gas turbines.

The Big Island has a potential to use more alternative energy in the form of geothermal, hydro, wind, solar thermal and photovoltaic systems. These sources have been included in HELCO's Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) process. The goal of integrated resource planning is the identification of the resources or the mix of resources for meeting near- and long-term consumer energy needs in an efficient and reliable manner at the lowest reasonable cost including the need and timing of any new generation and new cross-island transmission lines.

4.4.2.3.1 Electricity Policies

Power distribution shall be placed underground when and where practical. Encourage developers of new urban areas to place utilities underground.
Route selection for high voltage transmission lines should include consideration for setbacks from major thoroughfares and residential areas. Where feasible, delineate energy corridors for such high voltage transmission lines.
Advise the electrical utility companies on the future revisions of their comprehensive Integrated Resource Plans.
Minimize obstruction of scenic views and vistas by electrical facilities.
Facilities such as substations shall mitigate and minimize any aesthetic impacts to surrounding properties and scenic vistas.

4.4.2.4 Gas

The Public Utilities Commission regulates gas mains and service lines on the Big Island. However, the provision of gas service by tank or cylinder is not regulated.

Propane gas is widely used on the island of Hawai‘i. In some rural areas of the County, gas is the only source of power.

4.4.2.4.1 Gas Policy

Gas storage facilities shall be located to minimize danger to commercial and residential areas.

4.4.2.5 Telecommunications

The State Public Utilities Commission regulates telecommunications services statewide.

4.4.2.5.1 Telecommunications Policies

Encourage underground telephone lines where they are economically and technically feasible.
Work closely with the telephone company to provide all users with efficient service.

Work with the telecommunications industry to increase the availability of emergency telephones throughout the island.

Develop standards for the construction of wireless telecommunication facilities.
In the development and placement of telephone facilities, such as lines, telecommunications and cellular towers, poles, and substations, the design of the facilities shall consider the existing environment, and scenic view and vistas shall be considered and preserved where possible.

4.4.2.6 Water

The availability of water is crucial to any type of development, whether urban, rural, or agricultural. Land use allocation therefore must be closely related to water availability, including the quantity and quality of the water, and the adequacy of the transmission and distribution system.

Sources of water supply include ground water aquifers (via wells) and surface water (springs, streams, and tunnels).

The demand for water is directly related to population. Demand does not represent domestic consumption alone, but also includes all agricultural, industrial and commercial uses, fire protection, and other uses. In some areas, however, non-domestic users are likely to create the major demand, and careful attention must therefore be given in any study of probable future water needs.

The delivery of domestic water on the island may be accomplished by the County Department of Water Supply or private systems. Domestic water must comply with the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through the State Department of Health. Many systems, though adequate to fulfill domestic needs, are inadequate for fire protection and do not meet the needs of current agricultural production.

The State Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Land and Water Development, also has the capacity to explore and develop new ground water sources. The County has in the past depended upon this agency for source development. The development of new sources requires the cooperation between State and County agencies in the delivery of municipal water systems.

In addition, individual rainwater catchment systems are used in areas where public and private systems are not available, primarily subdivisions approved prior to the adoption of the Subdivision Control Code. Most catchment systems are inadequate for fire protection, and are supplemented by trucking or public spigots during drought periods.

4.4.2.6.1 WATER POLICIES

Water system improvements shall correlate with the County's desired land use development pattern.
Design and build public and private water systems to Department of Water Supply standards.
Improve and replace inadequate systems.
Water sources shall be adequately protected to prevent depletion and contamination from natural and man-made occurrences or events.
Water system improvements should be first installed in areas that have established needs and characteristics, such as occupied dwellings, agricultural operations and other uses, or in areas adjacent to them if there is need for urban expansion.
A coordinated effort by County, State and private interests shall be developed to identify sources of additional water supply and shall be implemented to ensure the development of sufficient quantities of water for existing and future needs of high growth areas.
Coordinate fire prevention systems with water distribution systems in order to ensure water supplies for fire protection purposes.
Develop and adopt standards for individual water catchment units.
Cooperate with the State Department of Health to develop standards and/or guidelines for the construction and use of rainwater catchment systems to minimize the intrusion of any chemical and microbiological contaminants.
Cooperate with appropriate State and Federal agencies and the private sector to develop, improve and expand agricultural water systems in appropriate areas on the island.
Promote the use of ground water sources to meet State Department of Health water quality standards.
Participate in the United States Geological Survey's exploratory well drilling program.
Seek State and Federal funds to assist in financing projects to bring the County into compliance with the Safe Drinking Water Act.
Develop and adopt a water master plan that will consider water yield, present and future demand, alternative sources of water, guidelines and policies for the issuance of water commitments.
Encourage the state to expand programs for the delivery of agricultural irrigation water.

4.4.3 District Courses of Action

4.4.3.1 Puna

4.4.3.1.2 Education

Improve existing school complexes to meet the standards established by the State Department of Education.
School facilities should be made available to the community for recreation and other compatible uses during after school hours.
Encourage the Department of Education to plan and develop school facilities as the need arises.
Encourage improvements to pedestrian access between the village of Pahoa and the school and library facilities.

4.4.3.1.3 Government Operations

Expand/improve facilities as necessary.

4.4.3.1.4 Cemeteries

Maintenance of cemetery sites shall be improved.

4.4.3.1.5 Solid Waste

Provide additional solid waste transfer stations as the need arises.

4.4.3.1.6 Wastewater

The use of cesspools shall be discontinued in the coastal areas where cesspools do not function satisfactorily to meet water quality standards. Individual household aerobic treatment units approved by the State Health Department and the County of Hawai‘i could be utilized in these areas. Future sewerage systems for the Puna area would then naturally commence with service to the lower coastal areas.
Coordinate with W.H. Shipman Ltd. in the planning and development of a sewerage system for the Keaau area.

4.4.3.1.7 Recreation

As the population increases and need arises, neighborhood parks in large subdivisions between Keaau and Pahoa should be provided and improved.
Encourage the State to establish a park reserve on State-owned land east of Kaimu.
Recommend the establishment of beach reserves at Kehena Beach and Opihikao (west of Opihikao junction).
Recommend that the State expand the MacKenzie State Recreation Area.
Develop the expanded Isaac Hale Beach Park recreation area. Provide trail access to Keahialaka Spring and Pond and Mahinaakaka Heiau.
Develop the Kapoho Tidepools as a marine park.
Establish a small scenic park overlooking Kapoho and provide minimum facilities.
Develop recreational areas along the coast between Hilo and Kapoho, including areas at Papai, Haena (Keaau), Kaloli Point, Keonepoko Nui, Honolulu Landing, and Nanawale.
Establish small scenic viewpoints along the Puna Road to overlook the rift zone and Kaueleau, Keekee and the 1955 flows.
Explore means to maximize the use of the Pahoa Neighborhood Facility site to serve the recreational needs of the lower Puna area.

4.4.3.1.8 Protective Services

A review of the possibility of 24-hour fire and emergency medical service for the entire district should be conducted and expansion of the public office facilities should be considered in accord with district needs.
Police services and facilities should be expanded to adequately meet the needs of the district.

4.4.3.1.9 Airports & Harbors

Provide general aviation and small boat harbor facilities as the need arises.
Provide another small boat launching facility at Kapoho.

4.4.3.1.10 Roadways

Explore the possibility of developing a mid-level roadway to be located makai of Highway 130, beginning at Hawaiian Beaches Subdivision and extending through Hawaiian Paradise Park Subdivision with its eventual connection to Railroad Avenue in South Hilo. Consider the establishment of a bikeway along the same alignment.
Consider, in conjunction with community associations and the property owners, the use of a variety of mechanisms to provide infrastructure in non-conforming subdivisions, beginning with the major roads providing access into the more densely populated subdivisions.

4.4.3.1.11 Water

Continue to improve inadequate water system facilities.
Water source investigation and exploration should be continued in order to provide service for anticipated needs.
Investigate additional groundwater sources in the Olaa area.
Investigate alternative means to finance the extension of water systems to subdivisions that rely on catchment.

4.4.3.2 South Hilo

4.4.3.2.1 Education

Encourage the establishment of additional schools as the need arises.
Participate in the development of student and faculty housing for the university and other joint-use facilities.
Provide pedestrian walkways to and around all school complexes.
Support the continued expansion of the University system and the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo and Hawai‘i Community College campus and encourage the continuing education programs throughout the community. The transfer of State lands to the University should be actively pursued.
Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities.
Support and encourage the strengthening of the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo through the transfer of appropriate colleges and departments from the University of Hawai‘i at Manoa to the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo.
Encourage the implementation of existing State and University of Hawai‘i plans for the continued development of the "Research and Technology Park" on the campus of the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo.

4.4.3.2.2 Government Operations

Consolidate government offices in a public office center.
Improvements to County baseyard facilities shall be undertaken.

4.4.3.2.3 Hospitals

Improvement and expansion of hospital facilities shall be undertaken as the need arises.

4.4.3.2.4 Cemeteries

Expansion of existing cemeteries or creation of new sites shall be undertaken.

4.4.3.2.5 Wastewater

Encourage the State Department of Health to monitor the wastewater received to provide sufficient base line data regarding the need for any future extension or expansion of waste water collection systems.
Expand the existing sewer collection system to include all densely populated areas in and around Hilo.
Upgrade and/or rehabilitate aging sewer pump stations and collector sewers.

4.4.3.2.6 Recreation

Maintain Clem Akina Park, Gilbert Carvalho Park, Keikiland Playground and Wainaku Camp 2 Field as community recreation centers.
Improve Kalakaua Park as an open space amenity and the focal point of the Kalakaua Park Heritage Area.
Encourage the development of a park along both sides of the Wailuku River in the central business district of Hilo and provide major viewpoints with pedestrian walkways and benches.
Community and/or neighborhood recreational areas should be provided in areas such as Piihonua, upper Ponahawai, Kaumana-Ainako, upper Kaumana, Haihai, and upper Waiakea.
Develop urban commercial areas with landscaped parks for passive recreation.
Expand the depth of coastal recreation areas. Park areas should be connected with trails to increase public access.
Develop the coastal area between Lehia and Lihikai for use.
Develop Reed's Bay for more intensive water-oriented recreation.
Encourage the State to develop a small boat harbor and additional moorage facilities.
Develop Kuhio Bay and the Baker's Beach area as a public recreational facility.
Encourage the implementation of the "Environmental and Urban Design Proposals, East Hawaii Project, City of Hilo," and the "Downtown Hilo Redevelopment Plan" for the Kaiko'o and Bayfront areas. This includes the deepening of Waiolama Canal, the development of the proposed Waiolama River State Park, the elimination of Bayfront Highway and the widening and realigning of Kamehameha Avenue, and the establishment of botanical gardens.
Provide trail and access systems to recreational areas.
Develop a center/complex for major cultural, educational and recreational activities.
Develop a second municipal golf course.
Return Kaumana Caves County Park, a natural resource recreation area, to the jurisdiction of the State.

4.4.3.2.7 Protective Services

Expansion of Police, Fire, and emergency medical facilities should be considered in accordance with district needs.

4.4.3.2.8 Airports & Harbors

Under the guidance of the Federal government, the State Department of Health should enforce and strengthen present pollution regulations.
The State Department of Transportation should continue to improve facilities at Hilo Harbor to meet increased shipping activities and cruise ship passenger arrivals.
Future land uses in the vicinity of the Hilo International Airport should have an adequate open space buffer and/or be compatible with the anticipated aircraft noise exposure levels for that vicinity.
Encourage the construction of an Agricultural Processing and Packing Center at the old Hilo Airport, the planning of which shall be coordinated with future development plans for Hilo Harbor.
Encourage the construction of a centralized air cargo distribution complex at the Hilo International Airport.
Encourage development of a small boat harbor for the area.

4.4.3.2.9 Roadways

Portions of the old Mamalahoa Highway, especially those serving Pepeekeo and Honomu, should be improved to provide a secondary north-south route along the Hamakua coast.
Major east-west collector roads between the old Mamalahoa Highway and the Belt Highway and those serving upper homestead areas should be widened and improved.
A realignment of Highway 200 (Saddle Road) from the Forest Reserve boundary on the south side of Kaumana Drive and along the north side of Puainako Street, intersecting the present Puainako alignment at Kinoole Street and continuing to the intersection of Kanoelehua Avenue should be constructed. Limited access control is recommended with intersections at the major cross arterials serving the various areas of the city.
Construct the proposed improvements and extension of Highway 200 (Saddle Road) from Kaumana Drive to the Queen Kaahumanu Highway in South Kohala.
Widen and provide curb, gutter and sidewalk improvements along Kilauea Avenue from Haihai Street to Ponahawai Street.
Widen and provide curb, gutter and sidewalk improvements along Kinoole Street from Haihai Street to Olona Street.
An extension of Puainako Street east of Kanoelehua should be the main route from the airport terminal for direct access to the business district.
Widen and improve Kekuanaoa Street from Kanoelehua Avenue to Kilauea Avenue.
Plan for the eventual closure of the Bayfront Highway and the relocation of the existing Highway 19-Pauahi Street intersection to an area in the vicinity of Ponahawai Street, in coordination with the State.
Ainako Street should extend across Kaumana Drive to meet the Mohouli extension to provide one of the major mauka cross-city connections.
Improve Akolea Road between Piihonua and Kaumana Drive and construct its extension to the upper reaches of Ainaola Drive to provide a cross-city connection between Upper Wailuku and Waiakea-Uka.
Improve Waianuenue Avenue and Kaumana Drive along their entire alignments, including the acquisition of additional rights-of-way as needed.

4.4.3.2.10 Water

Continue to implement water system maintenance and improvement programs in order to provide the city with a dependable and consistently safe drinking water supply.
Investigate groundwater sources in the upper Waiakea Uka, Kaieie Mauka, Kulaimano, Saddle Road, and Honomu areas.
Further investigate future ground water resources.
Replace existing surface sources with groundwater sources to meet State Department of Health standards.

4.4.3.3 North Hilo

4.4.3.3.1 Education

Improve pedestrian and vehicular access to the Laupahoehoe and Hamakua School complexes.
Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities.

4.4.3.3.2 Government Operations

Expand/improve facilities as necessary.

4.4.3.3.3 Cemeteries

Maintenance of cemeteries shall be improved.

4.4.3.3.4 Wastewater

Continue operation of the existing sewerage system at Kapehu.

4.4.3.3.5 Recreation

Implement the Laupahoehoe Point Beach Park master plan.
Improve the boat launching facilities at Laupahoehoe Peninsula by encouraging the Army Corps of Engineers to extend the breakwater.

4.4.3.3.6 Protective Services

Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs.

4.4.3.3.7 Airports & Harbors

Continue to improve the small boat ramp at Laupahoehoe, extend the offshore protective structure, and provide for adequate parking.

4.4.3.3.8 Roadways

Restore and maintain existing homestead roads.
Encourage the State Department of Transportation to improve those portions of the Hawai‘i Belt Highway at Maulua, Laupahoehoe and Kaawalii Gulches.
Encourage the State Department of Transportation to realign that portion of the Hawai‘i Belt Highway at Kapehu Camp.
Encourage the State to install additional passing lanes at various sections along Highway 19.

4.4.3.3.9 Water

Replace old, substandard, or deteriorating lines and storage facilities.
Develop a standby well for the Ookala system.

4.4.3.4 Hamakua

4.4.3.4.1 Education

Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities.
Encourage traffic re-routing to resolve school traffic problems.
Implement the Honokaa school campus master plan.
Encourage expansion of the present library facility and services.

4.4.3.4.2 Government Operations

Multi-use buildings housing public office center facilities shall be encouraged in overall improvements and expansion plans.

4.4.3.4.3 Cemeteries

Maintenance of the cemeteries shall be improved.

4.4.3.4.4 Wastewater

Investigate possible alternatives to eliminate the need for and continued use of the oxidation ponds.

4.4.3.4.5 Recreation

Construct multipurpose rooms adjacent to the gymnasium in Honokaa Park to accommodate community meetings and functions.
Encourage the recreational development of Waipio and Waimanu Valleys as natural and wilderness areas. Encourage the State to provide small recreation sites on the edge of Waipio Valley.
Encourage the development of a general use park in the Kaao-Ahualoa section of the Hamakua Forest Reserve.
Encourage the State to develop a scenic park on the Kohala side of Hiilawe Falls in conjunction with the development of the scenic highway.

4.4.3.4.6 Protective Services

Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs.

4.4.3.4.7 Airports & Harbors

Continue to improve the small boat ramp at Laupahoehoe, extend the offshore protective structure, and provide for adequate parking.

4.4.3.4.8 Roadways

Encourage the State to install additional passing lanes along Highway 19 at appropriate locations.
Provide for an industrial traffic connection leading from the former sugar mill to Highway 19, separating this traffic from local traffic movement on Mamane Street.
Encourage the State to construct a scenic highway from the Waipio Valley lookout extending mauka to connect to Mud Lane at the entrance of Waimea.
Improve County maintained roads and encourage the improvement of non-county owned roads by the State of Hawai‘i or private landowner.
Consider alternatives in the management of Pakalana Street, such as its conveyance to the State Department of Education or its conversion to a one-way traffic pattern.
Provide a cross-town connection to Plumeria Street by extending Kamani Street.
Provide a mauka-makai connection from the Kamani Street extension to Mamane Street on the Hilo side of the elderly housing.
Eliminate the Milo Street extension on the Waipio side of Pakalana Street.

4.4.3.4.9 Water

Continue to coordinate programs with State and Federal agencies to develop a well at Kukuihaele and Honokaa Hospital to the standards of the Department of Water Supply.
Replace old, sub-standard, or deteriorating lines and storage facilities.
Investigate groundwater sources in the Honokaa and Kukuihaele areas.

4.4.3.5 North Kohala

4.4.3.5.1 Education

Encourage the expansion of the public school and library facilities as needs arise.
Encourage the Hawai‘i State Library System to establish a public library separate from the school facility.
Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities.

4.4.3.5.2 Government Operations

Expand/improve facilities as necessary.

4.4.3.5.3 Cemeteries

Maintenance of the cemeteries shall be improved.

4.4.3.5.4 Recreation

Expand facilities at Kapa`a Beach Park.
Encourage the State to further develop the Lapakahi complex as a historic park.
Recommend the expansion of small boat harbor facilities at Mahukona Harbor.
Expand the multi-use recreation areas at Mahukona and Kapaa Beach Parks.
Encourage the State to dedicate approximately 12 acres of its lands surrounding Mahukona Beach Park to the County to accommodate the expansion of Mahukona Beach Park.
Encourage the development of the Upolu Point area for recreation, including access to fishing areas.

4.4.3.5.5 Protective Services

Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs.

4.4.3.5.6 Airports & Harbors

Retain Upolu airfield for general aviation use.
The State should continue to provide improvements to runway and terminal facilities at Upolu Airport, including the improvement of the airport’s access road from the Akoni Pule Highway.

4.4.3.5.7 Roadways

Encourage the improvement of the Kohala Mountain Road.
Encourage the improvement of that portion of the Akoni Pule Highway between the towns of Hawi to Niulii.
Improve mauka-makai county maintained homestead roads and encourage improvement of the non-county owned roads by the State of Hawai‘i or private subdivisions.

4.4.3.5.8 Water

Pursue a ground water source for the Makapala-Keokea water system.
Explore further sources for future needs.
Improve and replace inadequate distribution mains and storage facilities.
Encourage efforts to improve the Kohala ditch system and its use for agricultural purposes.

4.4.3.6 South Kohala

4.4.3.6.1 Education

Encourage the expansion of the public school and library facilities as needs arise.
Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities.
Encourage the installation of walkways to and around schools and street crossing facilities for pedestrian safety.
Encourage the development of State and private higher educational facilities in West Hawai‘i.
Support the development of an intermediate or middle school in Waikoloa.
Encourage the Hawai‘i State Library System to establish a public library in Waikoloa.
Encourage the State Department of Education to explore the feasibility of establishing a high school in the South Kohala district.

4.4.3.6.2 Government Operations

Expand/improve facilities as necessary.
A civic center site shall be reserved at Waikoloa.

4.4.3.6.3 Solidwaste

A solid waste transfer site or alternative means of refuse collection should be established for Waikoloa.

4.4.3.6.4 Wastewater

Construct a Waimea sewerage system to provide sewer service and wastewater treatment facilities with an ultimate treatment capacity adequate for foreseeable growth. Consider water reclamation or subsurface type disposal.
Construct a sewerage system in the Puako beach lot area to service flows by utilizing existing resort wastewater treatment facilities as a means of wastewater disposal.

4.4.3.6.5 Recreation

Encourage the full implementation of the Hapuna Beach State Park Master Plan including Wailea Bay Area.
Improve picnic and camping facilities at Samuel M. Spencer Beach Park.
Acquire and develop additional public shoreline recreation areas.
Encourage the establishment of neighborhood parks.
Ensure public use of and access to beach areas.
Develop parking areas for Waimea Park.
Develop additional recreational facilities in Waimea, including an approximate 30-acre regional park on land to be donated by Parker Ranch.
Encourage the expansion of outdoor recreational areas around Waimea School.
Develop recreational facilities in Waikoloa, including an enclosed community center/sports complex.
Develop trail systems linking residential areas to Waimea's urban center.
Support the passive use of Church Row Park.
Encourage development of Waimea Trails & Greenways and Waimea Nature Park (Ulu Laau).

4.4.3.6.6 Protective Services

Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs.

4.4.3.6.7 Airports & Harbors

The State Department of Transportation should continue to provide improvements to terminal and runway facilities at the Waimea-Kohala airport.
The State Department of Transportation should continue to improve harbor facilities at Kawaihae to meet increased shipping activities and cruise ship passenger arrivals.
Continue to support the Department of Land and Natural Resources in its plans to develop a small boat harbor at Kawaihae.

4.4.3.6.8 Roadways

Improve existing homestead roads.
Encourage the construction of a Waimea by-pass road from Mud Lane to Mamalahoa Highway on the Kona side of Waimea.
Encourage the construction of connector roads from the Waimea Bypass Road to the Mamalahoa Highway.
Encourage the construction of a new Waimea to Kawaihae road from Mamalahoa Highway to the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway.
Encourage the widening of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway as the need arises.
Support the installation of suitable bikeways and/or jogging paths.
To relieve traffic congestion through Waimea town, implement construction of a) Parker Ranch’s connector road from Kamamalu Street to Mamalahoa Highway; and b) the County’s extension of this road, between Mamalahoa Highway and Kawaihae Road in the vicinity of the Waimea solid waste transfer station.
Construct, at a minimum, one other paved two-lane access road out of the Ke Kumu Housing area onto Paniolo Drive.
Extend Paniolo Drive in Waikoloa north to intersect with the Kawaihae Road and the proposed Waimea-Kawaihae Road.
Provide traffic signals at the Waikoloa Road-Paniolo Drive intersection.

4.4.3.6.9 Water

Seek alternative sources of water for the Lalamilo system.
Improve and replace inadequate distribution mains and steel tanks.
Continue to seek additional groundwater sources for the Waimea System.

4.4.3.7 North Kona

4.4.3.7.1 Education

Encourage expansion of the Holualoa school complex to meet school district needs.
Encourage the State Department of Education to add facilities as the need arises.
Improve basic school facilities to meet current standards.
Encourage construction of a new library facility to serve the Kailua-Keauhou area.

4.4.3.7.2 Government Operations

Expansion plans for the Kona public office center shall be undertaken.
Consolidate County offices in one public office center.
Designate a second urban center in West Hawai‘i to facilitate government services and centralize facilities.

4.4.3.7.3 Cemeteries

New privately owned cemetery sites to serve future needs shall be sought.

4.4.3.7.4 Wastewater

Expand the existing sewer collection system.
Upgrade the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant to produce tertiary (R-1) quality effluent.

4.4.3.7.5 Recreation

Encourage the development of community and district recreational facilities, a gymnasium and community center with easy access for residents.
Encourage the development of Alii Drive within the Kailua Village area as a pedestrian mall with open space areas for passive recreation.
Improve facilities at Laaloa Bay Beach Park and Kahaluu Beach Park.
Implement the development of the Kailua Park (Old Kona Airport) as a major regional or district park.
Encourage the development of a major multi-purpose regional recreational and sports complex.
Acquire, and/or encourage the development of additional public shoreline recreation areas.
Establish public access to and the development of shoreline regions along the North Kona Coast in areas such as Keawaiki, Kiholo Bay, Kaupulehu, Kukio and Kapapa Bays, Kua Bay, Kahoiawa, Makalawena, and Honokohau.
Encourage the State to continue with the establishment of Kekaha Kai State Park reaching into Mahaiula, Awakee, and Maniniowali Ahupuaa.
Protect the marine life at Kahaluu Bay.
Protect Opaeula, Kaloko, and Honokohau (Aimakapa) Ponds as natural areas.
Encourage the development of historic trails.
Develop a municipal golf course.
Encourage the establishment of a historic park at Kamoa Point.
Encourage the acquisition and establishment of the summit area of Hualalai as a wilderness park.
Increase mauka park lands.

4.4.3.7.6 Protective Services

Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs.

4.4.3.7.7 Airports & Harbors

Future land uses in the vicinity of the Kona International Airport at Keahole should be compatible with the anticipated aircraft noise exposure levels for that vicinity.
The State Department of Transportation should continue to improve and expand Kona International Airport at Keahole in accordance with the recommendations of the Keahole-Kona International Airport Master Plan Update Study (1997).
Encourage the State to renovate the Kailua-Kona Wharf or to seek alternative facilities to accommodate the cruise ship industry.

4.4.3.7.8 Roadways

Develop a roadway network circulation plan in cooperation with the State Department of Transportation and affected communities. Upon adoption of the plan, the plan recommendations shall be incorporated on the zone district maps.
Encourage the State to widen Queen Kaahumanu Highway as necessary to accommodate increases in traffic flows, in particular between Kona International Airport at Keahole and Kailua-Kona.
Widen Palani Road between the proposed Keanalehu (Waena) Drive and the Queen Kaahumanu Highway or construct the proposed Palani Bypass Highway.
Encourage the State to extend Kealakehe Parkway mauka to connect with the Mamalahoa Highway.
Construct the following north-south collector roadways from Palani Drive and extending north to the proposed University Drive: 1) Ane Keohokalole Highway (Mid-level Road); 2) Keanalehu (Waena Drive); and 3) Kealakaa Street.
Construct the proposed University Drive between the Mamalahoa and Queen Kaahumanu Highways.
Widen Hina Lani Drive to four lanes between the Queen Kaahumanu Highway to the proposed Ane Keohokalole Highway.
Construct the proposed Shore Drive from the Old Kona Airport Park to the Kealakehe Drive intersection.
Construct the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway (Alii Highway) from Queen Kaahumanu Highway to Keauhou.
Construct a scenic road from Keauhou above the Kealakekua cliffs to Napoopoo.
Provide vertical connectors from Alii Drive to Kuakini Highway.
Improve that portion of the Mamalahoa Highway extending from the North Kona to the Ka’u Districts.
Support the installation of suitable bikeways and/or jogging paths.
Develop a roadway circulation plan for the area between Palani Road and Kamehameha III Road, in cooperation with the State Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, and the affected communities.
Extend Lako Street to connect to Alii Drive.
Work with the State and the adjacent landowners in establishing the old railroad right-of-way as a pedestrian and bicycle right-of-way.

4.4.3.7.9 Water

Continue to pursue groundwater source investigation, exploration and development in areas that would provide for anticipated growth and an efficient and economic system operation.
Continue to evaluate growth conditions to coordinate improvements as required to the existing water system in accordance with the North Kona Water System Master Plan.
Explore and develop a well in Waiaha.

4.4.3.8 South Kona

4.4.3.8.1 Education

Improve basic school facilities to meet current standards.

4.4.3.8.2 Government Operations

Expansion plans for the Kona public office center shall be undertaken.
Consolidate county offices in one public office center.
Provide services in West Hawai‘i as is feasible.

4.4.3.8.3 Cemeteries

New privately owned cemetery sites to serve future needs shall be sought.

4.4.3.8.4 Wastewater

Continue to work with the Departments of Health and Land and Natural Resources to preserve the Class AA water quality of Kealakekua Bay.
Continue the current methods of wastewater disposal in unsewered areas in compliance with State and County requirements. This includes individual wastewater systems in low density developments and private wastewater treatment plants in high density developments.

4.4.3.8.5 Recreation

Expand and/or develop recreational facilities in existing communities.
Establish, in cooperation with the State Department of Education, additional recreational facilities at Konawaena, Honaunau, and Hookena Schools.
Encourage the development of a district recreation center with the cooperation of public and private agencies.
Encourage the development of the coastal area for public recreational use.
Encourage the development of a historic park at Kealakekua Bay and protect historic sites and scenic aspects of the area. Provide a conservation buffer around Kealakekua Bay.
Encourage the development of beach park reserves as natural areas and the improvement of existing beach parks.
Encourage the further development of Honaunau Bay as a historic park with recreational opportunities.
Encourage the development of Honomalino Bay as a beach reserve.
Encourage the development of Palemano Point and Hookena areas for public recreational opportunities.
Develop and provide cultural facilities and programs.

4.4.3.8.6 Protective Services

Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs.

4.4.3.8.7 Airports & Harbors

Provide for general aviation and small boat harbor facilities and launching activities as the need arises.

4.4.3.8.8 Roadways

Construct a scenic road from Keauhou above the Kealakekua cliffs to Napoopoo.
Develop a roadway network circulation plan for South Kona in cooperation with the State Department of Transportation and affected communities. Upon adoption of the plan by the County, the recommendations shall be incorporated on the zone district maps.
Construct the Mamalahoa Bypass Highway between Keauhou and Captain Cook as a Scenic Corridor, with limited access.
Improve that portion of the Mamalahoa Highway extending from the North Kona to the Ka’u Districts.
Support the installation of suitable bikeways and/or jogging paths.
Establish a Heritage Corridor on Old Mamalahoa Highway between Hualalai and Honaunau.
Improve substandard, rural roads.

4.4.3.8.9 Water

Continue to pursue groundwater source investigation, exploration and development in areas that would provide for anticipated growth and an efficient and economic system operation.
Continue to evaluate growth conditions to coordinate improvements as required to the existing water system in accordance with the South Kona Water System Master Plan.

4.4.3.9 Ka’u

4.4.3.9.1 Education

Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities.
Encourage the State Department of Education to plan a K-8 School at Ocean View.

4.4.3.9.2 Government Operations

Expand/improve facilities as necessary.

4.4.3.9.3 Solid Waste

A solid waste transfer station should be established for Ocean View.

4.4.3.9.4 Wastewater

Work closely with landowners to insure the development of adequate sewerage treatment facilities.

4.4.3.9.5 Recreation

Encourage the development of a swimming facility in Naalehu.
Develop parks in Ocean View, commensurate with population growth.
Encourage the establishment of the Punaluu-Ninole Springs region as a recreation area.
Encourage the State Department of Hawaiian Homes Lands to develop the South Point area for recreational opportunities.
Recommend the development of Kaalualu Bay as a remote camping-beach park.
Encourage the State Department of Land and Natural Resources to develop wilderness recreation uses of the Kapua-Manuka Forest Reserve.
Encourage the restoration of Ninole Pond as a recreation area.
Encourage land acquisition surrounding Whittington Beach Park to allow for its expansion and the construction of a parking area.

4.4.3.9.6 Protective Services

Fire protection and emergency medical services for Ocean View, Naalehu and Pahala shall be encouraged.
Consideration shall be given to a joint police-fire facility.

4.4.3.9.7 Roadways

Continue to improve Mamalahoa Highway, realigning where necessary.
Install culverts and construct drainage channels and other related improvements.
Encourage the improvement of substandard subdivision roads.
Explore alternatives and means to establish an evacuation route through Hawaiian Ocean View Estates Subdivision to Highway 11, in cooperation with the residents of Ocean View.

4.4.3.9.8 Water

Provide additional water system improvements for the currently serviced areas of Naalehu, Waiohinu, and Pahala.
Pursue groundwater source investigation, exploration and well development at Ocean View, Pahala, and Waiohinu.
Continue to evaluate growth conditions to coordinate improvements as required to the existing water system.
Investigate alternative means to finance the extension of water systems to subdivisions that rely on catchment.

4.5 LAND USE ELEMENT

The land use element is intended to be used as a policy guide for the coordinated growth of the County. The land use element sets forth objectives, policies, and standards to guide the nature, location, density, and patterns of land uses in particular areas of the County. The land use patterns reflect considerations of future population growth that are based on economic and employment growth trends, existing land uses and zoned areas, determination of community facility needs, physical characteristics and cultural resources of various regions, and infrastructural demands for the entire island.

The General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) map is a graphic expression of General Plan vision statements, objectives, and policies, particularly those relating to land uses. The LUPAG map serves as a general guide to the projected long-term uses of private and public properties and the future form and nature of communities. The broad-brush boundaries indicated on the LUPAG map are intended for planning purposes and are guides to the general location of land uses, rather than land use designations displayed to scale within specific property boundaries. LUPAG map boundaries are independent of: (a) existing zoning; (b) state land use districts; (c) property boundaries and (d) development plans, which may provide for more specific land uses within an urban, rural or agricultural form. Consequently, interpretation of the LUPAG map and land use consistency shall be conducted as a comprehensive analysis based on all applicable General Plan objectives and policies, development plans, and circumstances relating to the area in question.

When a development plan provides direction for more specific land use actions within an urban, rural or agricultural form, the General Plan designations will be subject to the specific development plan direction and shall be considered only as the general land use policy guide.

Land Use designations and their characteristics are as follows:

4.5.1 Urban Designations

1. High Density: General commercial uses, single family and multiple family residential uses and related services, mixed industrial-commercial uses in areas of transition.

2. Medium Density: Village and neighborhood commercial uses and single family and multiple family residential uses and related services, mixed industrial-commercial uses in areas of transition.

3. Low Density: Predominantly single family residential uses with ancillary community and public uses, and neighborhood and convenience-type commercial uses.

4. Urban Expansion Area: Allows for a mix of high density, medium density, low density, industrial, industrial-commercial and/or open designations in areas where new settlements may be desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined.

5. Industrial Area: These areas include uses such as manufacturing and processing, wholesaling, large storage and transportation facilities, light industrial and industrial-commercial uses.

6. Resort Node: A self-contained, Major Resort area that includes various visitor-related uses such as hotels, condominium-hotels (condominiums developed and/or operated as hotels), single family and multiple family residential units, golf courses and other typical resort recreational facilities, resort commercial complexes and other support services.

7. Resort Area: Intermediate Resort, Minor Resort, and Retreat Resort Areas are identified as Resort Areas on the LUPAG map. These areas include a mix of uses such as hotels, condominium-hotels (condominiums developed and/or operated as hotels), and support services.

4.5.2 Rural-Agriculture Designation

The Rural-Agriculture Designation includes areas with or proposed for small farms intermixed with residential uses where city-like concentrations of people, structures, streets and urban levels of service are absent. These areas may contain wooded areas, gardens, and open fields as well as residences.

This category serves a two-fold purpose:

It may include existing subdivisions or areas in the State Land Use Agricultural and Rural districts that have a significant residential component with typical lot sizes or zoning varying up to four acres. Non-conforming subdivisions within the State Land Use Agricultural District may be included in this designation.

It may also include future areas within Agriculture designated areas that meet the above criteria, but have not been mapped. These areas may provide a transition between agricultural and urban forms. Typical lot sizes may vary from one to four acres, although larger lots may be included in this designation.

Permitted Activities: With appropriate zoning, the designation may include commercial facilities that serve the residential and agricultural uses in the area.

4.5.3 Agriculture Designations

1. Intensive Agriculture: Includes--

a. Lands that are capable of producing sustained, high agricultural yields with the application of modern farming methods and technologies due to soil composition, climate, and water. Lands range from low to high soil content and fertility.

b. Lands from two categories of potential suitability for crop production according to the State Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawai‘i (ALISH) system: Prime Agricultural lands and Unique Agricultural Lands. The ALISH system is based on interpretation of soil and other environmental data and is not influenced by current crop yield statistics and existing management practices.

c. Lands in the "Kona coffee belt" between Palani Road Junction and the intersection of Ke Ala o Keawe with the Mamalahoa Highway roughly between the 700-foot and 2,000-foot elevation.

Agricultural uses such as diversified agriculture, floriculture, orchards, coffee, and forestry may be included in the Intensive Agriculture Designation.

2. Extensive Agriculture: Includes lands that are not capable of producing sustained, high agricultural yields without the intensive application of modern farming methods and technologies due to certain physical constraints such as soil composition, slope, machine tillability and climate. Other less intensive agricultural uses such as grazing and pasturage may be included in the Extensive Agriculture designation.

4.5.4 Other Designations

1. University: Public institutional facilities, required infrastructure, and supportive and accessory uses that may be required for establishing or expanding a public university or institution of higher learning, including ancillary public uses, residential, and support commercial uses.

2. Open: Parks and other recreational areas, historic sites, scenic vistas and viewplanes, potential natural hazard areas, and open shoreline areas.

3. Conservation Area: Forest and water reserves, natural and scientific preserves, and lands within the State Land Use Conservation District, which activities and uses are administered by the State Department of Land and Natural Resources. The County’s Conservation Area may also include other areas in active management for conservation purposes and areas to be kept in its natural state with minimal facilities for passive recreation.

4.5.5 Floating Designation

The Floating Designation allows for zoning of limited industrial, commercial, and retreat resort uses not specifically shown on the LUPAG map, but may be allowed in areas listed generally on Table I. The Floating Designation enables locating limited industrial, commercial and retreat resort uses in areas to take advantage of new concepts and trends, economic influences, unique resources and other unusual situations that may occur. The Floating Designation is intended to be used in small towns and rural or agricultural areas where special needs arise, but have not been anticipated. These needs may be evaluated in the change of zone process and would not require a General Plan amendment.

4.5.6 Land Use Objectives

Encourage and ensure the involvement of community residents in the implementation of the General Plan for their respective communities.
Designate and allocate land uses in appropriate proportions and mix and in keeping with the social, cultural, and physical environments of the County.
Accommodate growth through comprehensive, long-range planning by providing suitable land areas for residential use, commercial and visitor services, industrial uses, rural, agriculture, and open space.
Coordinate land use designations with the County's service and circulation systems.
Achieve a broader diversification of local industries by providing opportunities for new industries and strengthening existing industries.
Provide for commercial and industrial areas that will serve neighborhood, community and regional needs.
Promote and encourage commercial, industrial and resort areas and the rehabilitation of commercial, industrial and resort areas that are serviced by basic community facilities and utilities.
Assure limited flexibility in responding to needs of rural or remote areas in the districts of Puna, North Hilo, Hamakua, North and South Kohala, South Kona and Ka‘u through the “floating designation” concept.
Maximize choices of single-family and multi-family residential housing opportunities for residents of the county.
Ensure that resort developments maintain the cultural and historic, social, economic, and physical environments of Hawai‘i and its people.
When identified by the State, protect and encourage the utilization of the County's important agricultural lands.
Encourage the productive utilization of lands designated for Intensive Agriculture to expand and enhance opportunities for the County’s agricultural industry.
Preserve and enhance opportunities for the expansion of Hawai‘i’s agricultural industry.
Protect and preserve forest, water, natural and scientific reserves and open areas.
Utilize publicly owned lands to advance the public interest and for the benefit of the greatest number of people.
Acquire lands for public use to implement policies and programs contained in the General Plan.

4.5.7 Land Use Policies

Establish development plans to implement the objectives of the General Plan on a regional basis. These plans will designate and be used to coordinate development patterns and infrastructure needs throughout the County. These plans will also specify land uses and infrastructure priorities within each regional study area. These plans shall be developed with the participation of the affected communities.
Foster public/private initiatives for development that will benefit the residents of the County.
Review and reform the real property tax structure to assure compatibility with the land use objectives and policies.
Develop a unified impact fee ordinance in order to require new development to contribute fairly for infrastructural improvements that are necessary to accommodate the new development.
Require the provision of basic infrastructure necessary for developments.

4.5.7.1 Commercial/Industrial

Provide flexibility and periodically update the Zoning Code to accommodate anticipated or emerging new industries and technologies.
Encourage commercial and industrial development within or adjacent to existing zoned areas adequately served by basic infrastructure and services.
Undertake urban renewal, rehabilitation, and/or redevelopment programs in cooperation with communities, businesses and governmental agencies.
Support the creation of industrial parks in appropriate locations as an alternative to strip development.
Improve the aesthetic quality of commercial and industrial sites and protect amenities of adjacent areas by requiring landscaping, open spaces, buffer zones, and design guidelines.
Industrial activities may be located close to raw materials or key resources.
Provide a variety of commercial and industrial zoned districts and lot sizes, depending on the needs of the industries and the communities.
Utilize the concept of "floating designation" for future limited commercial and industrial uses in order to allow flexibility in establishing such uses in rural and/or remote areas.

4.5.7.2 Residential Uses

Incorporate the concept of "zone of mix" in the Zoning Code for the purpose of achieving a housing mix as well as to permit the more efficient development of residential lands that have topographic and/or drainage problems.
Ensure the compatibility of uses within and adjacent to residential zoned areas.
Zone urban uses in areas with ease of access to community services and employment centers and with adequate public utilities and facilities.
Promote and encourage the rehabilitation and use of urban residential areas that are serviced by basic community facilities and utilities.
Encourage and coordinate with the State in providing fee-simple and leasehold residential lots/units to the residents through State and/or County Housing Programs.
Reasonable flexibility is required in codes and ordinances in order to achieve a diversity of socio-economic housing mix and to permit aesthetic balance between single-family residential structures and open spaces.

4.5.7.3 Resort

Support resort developments that promote the cultural and historic, social, economic, environmental values of Hawai‘i and its people.
Utilize the concept of a "floating designation" to allow for the future development of retreat resort areas.
Require coastal resort developments to provide public access to and parking for beach and shoreline areas.

4.5.7.4 Agriculture

Establish and implement a comprehensive Intensive Agricultural lands program to address, at the minimum, the purpose of agricultural land protection and conservation, the degree of government protection and conservation, the degree of government encouragement and support, the recommended methods of government protection and encouragement, and the extent of private sector actions. The Intensive Agricultural lands program may examine agricultural water development priorities, infrastructure standards, labor housing, government incentives, new approaches to preservation, enforcement, and potential adjacent land use conflicts. Implementation shall include specific mapping of the Intensive Agricultural lands for the purpose of providing an agricultural resource database upon which the program would be developed.
Support the State in its constitutional obligation to identify important agricultural lands, and to provide standards and criteria to conserve and protect such lands, promote diversified agriculture, increase agricultural self-sufficiency and to assure the availability of agriculturally suitable lands.
Support the development of private and State agricultural parks to make agricultural land available for agricultural activities.
Support efforts to provide tax relief and other incentives to enhance competitive capabilities of commercial farms and ranches, thereby insuring long-term preservation, enhancement, and expansion of viable agricultural lands.
Encourage, where appropriate, the establishment of visitor-related uses and facilities that directly promote the agriculture industry.
Encourage compatible economic uses that complement existing agricultural activities.
Assist in the development of basic resources such as water, roads, transportation and distribution facilities for the agricultural industry.
Assist State agencies on programs that aid agriculture.
Develop subdivision standards that make a distinction between agricultural and urban uses.

4.5.7.5 Rural-Agriculture

Rural style residential agricultural developments, such as new small-scale rural communities or extensions of existing rural communities, shall be encouraged in appropriate locations.
The Zoning Code shall provide for rural-agricultural style residential uses in appropriate locations, including standards and criteria for the establishment of these uses.

4.5.7.6 Open Area

Incorporate considerations of open space for the social, environmental, and economic well-being of the County of Hawai‘i and its residents in the implementation of the General Plan.
Open space in urban areas shall be established and provided through zoning and subdivision regulations.

4.5.7.7 Public Lands

Encourage uses of public land that will satisfy specific public needs, such as housing, recreation, open space and education.
Encourage the identification, evaluation, and designation of Natural Area Reserves.
Continue the coordination of State and County Capital Improvement Programs.
Support the U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service’s expansion plans for the Hawai‘i Volcanoes, Pu‘ukohola and Pu‘uhonua O Honaunau National Historic Parks.
Maintain public lands with unique recreational and natural resources for public use.

4.5.8 Land Use Standards

Each development plan shall include specific financing mechanisms for improvements to public infrastructure and services that are necessary to accommodate projected growth.
Zoning requests for limited industrial, commercial, and retreat resort uses under the "floating designation" concept shall comply with the change of zone process that is provided in the Zoning Code.
Review zoning requests with respect to the General Plan designations, district goals, regional plans, applicable State land use districts, compatibility with adjacent zoned uses, availability of public services and utilities, access, and public need and, where appropriate, approve on an incremental basis in order to mitigate impacts upon public services and infrastructure in under-served areas.

4.5.8.1 Residential Density Guidelines:

High Density Urban: Multiple family residential - up to 87 units per acre.
Medium Density Urban: Multiple family residential - up to 35 units per acre.
Low Density Urban: Up to six units per acre.

4.5.8.2 Resort Designation Guidelines:

A "Major Resort" designation signifies a self-contained resort destination area that contains a combined total of approximately 3,000 transient and residential units.
An "Intermediate Resort" designation signifies a self-contained resort destination area that contains a combined total of approximately 1,500 transient and residential units.
A "Minor Resort" designation signifies a resort area that is generally characterized as an area with numerous small, separately-owned resort facilities or an isolated resort development that is not projected as a self-contained destination area and that has a combined total of approximately 500 transient and residential units.
A "Retreat Resort" designation signifies generally an area that provides guests with rest, quiet and isolation. The guideline for the scale of a retreat resort area is a combined total of approximately 100 transient and residential units.

The following is a general list of urban and rural areas, industrial areas and resort areas by the County by geographic district. Taken together with the island-wide and district vision statements and the General Plan objectives and policies, this table is meant to provide additional guidance for land use matters.

TABLE I

List of Urban and Rural Areas, Industrial Areas, and Resort Areas by District

District	Urban and Rural Areas	Industrial Areas	Resort Areas
Puna	Kea‘au Pahoa Kurtistown Mt. View Hawaiian Paradise Park Orchidland Estates Volcano	Kea‘au Kea‘au-Gateway Center (I-C) Pahoa Panaewa Hawaiian Paradise Park (I-C)	Papa‘i (Intermediate) Puna Makai (Retreat)
S. Hilo	Hilo Papa‘ikou Pepe‘ekeo-Kula‘imano Honomu Hakalau	Hilo Hilo Iron Works (I-C) Waiakea Houselots (I-C) Papa‘ikou Pepe‘ekeo	Waiakea Peninsula-Reeds Bay (Intermediate) Keaukaha (Minor) Wainaku (Minor)
N. Hilo	Laupahoehoe-Papa‘aloa Ninole ‘O‘okala Kapehu	Laupahoehoe-Papa‘aloa ‘O‘okala
Hamakua	Honoka‘a Pa‘auilo Haina	Haina Honoka‘a Pa‘auilo	Hamakua (Retreat)
N. Kohala	Hawi Kapa‘au Hal‘aula Halawa Kahua (Kohala Ranch) Niuli‘I Maliu Ridge	Hala‘ula Hawi	Mahukona (Minor)
S. Kohala	Kawaihae Puako Lalamilo Waikoloa Village Waimea	Kawaihae Waikoloa Village Waimea Waikoloa Mauka	‘Anaeho‘omalu (Major) Kauna‘oa Bay-Hapuna Bay (Major) Pauoa Bay-Honokaope Bay (Major) Puako (Minor)
N. Kona	Keahole to Kailua Kailua-Keauhou Holualoa Mauka Makalei Pu‘uanahulu Hokulia Kainaliu-Honalo	Kailua Kona Industrial Subdivision and adjacent area (I-C) Honokohau (I-C) Kainaliu-Honalo Keahole Kaloko	Kailua (Major) Honokohau (Minor) Keauhou-Kahalu‘u (Major) Ka‘upulehu-Kuki‘o (Major)
S. Kona	Captain Cook Kealakekua Ke‘eke‘e-Kalukalu Keopuka	Kealakekua-Captain Cook	Ke‘eke‘e-Kalukalu (Retreat)
Ka'u	Na‘alehu Pahala Wai‘ohinu Ocean View	Honu‘apo Na‘alehu Pahala Ocean View	Ninole-Punalu‘u (Minor) Volcano (Retreat)

Note: I-C refers to Industrial-Commercial

4.5.8 District Courses of Action

4.5.8.1 Puna

4.5.8.1.1 Agriculture

Assist in the further development of agriculture.

4.5.8.1.2 Commercial

Centralization of commercial activities in Pahoa Town, rather than along the Pahoa By-Pass, to serve the residents of Lower Puna shall be encouraged.
Expanded commercial services to meet the needs of population growth in the Puna district shall be encouraged in Keaau.
Rehabilitation of existing commercial development in appropriate locations shall be encouraged.

Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need arises.
Allow the establishment of small neighborhood commercial areas within existing non-conforming, residential-agricultural (rural) subdivisions.

4.5.8.1.3 Industrial

Identify sites suitable for future industrial activities as the need arises.
Industrial-commercial mixed use districts may be provided in appropriate locations.
Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial-Commercial uses may be permitted in Pahoa although the area is not currently identified in the LUPAG map.

4.5.8.1.4 Multi-Family Residential

Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases.

4.5.8.1.5 Single Family Residential

Work with community groups to explore possible avenues for financing infrastructural improvements within the non-conforming subdivisions.
Encourage and aid the agricultural industry in continuing to provide employee housing.
Improve and develop roadways, water and sewerage systems, and other basic facilities necessary to encourage development of lands suitable for residential use.

4.5.8.1.6 Resort

The development of visitor accommodations and any resort development in the district shall complement the character of the area.
Consider the development of small family or 'bed and breakfast' type visitor accommodations and small-scale retreat resort development.

4.5.8.2 South Hilo

4.5.8.2.1 Agriculture

Encourage buffer zones or compatible uses between agricultural and urban/residential areas.
Support the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo and Hawai‘i Community College aid in their development of programs that assist agriculture.

4.5.8.2.2 Commercial

Continue to pursue the rehabilitation, renewal, and redevelopment of downtown Hilo. Continual improvement of other existing commercial areas must also be assured.
Assistance to small businesses in obtaining loans and management education classes and manpower training programs shall be encouraged.
Controls that discourage speculation shall be established.
Appropriately located commercial zoned lands shall be allocated as the need arises.
Commercial zoned lands in proximity to the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo shall be allocated as the need arises.

4.5.8.2.3 Industrial

Encourage the centralization of industrial activities in the Kanoelehua Industrial area. Noxious industries shall be located away from residential and related areas.
Identify sites suitable for future industrial activities as the need arises.
Encourage the State and the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands to develop industrial zoned lands in the Kanoelehua Industrial area and airport industrial area.
Allocate appropriately zoned lands.
Industrial-commercial mixed use districts may be provided at appropriate locations.

4.5.8.2.4 Multi-Family Residential

Re-evaluation of existing zoned areas and re-allocation of lands in appropriate locations shall be undertaken.
Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases.

4.5.8.2.5 Single Family Residential

Improve substandard residential roadways through the County's Capital Improvement Program or by Improvement District.

4.5.8.2.6 Resort

Re-evaluate areas currently zoned for resort use.
Continue to improve roadways and sewer and water systems in all areas where high density resort uses are allowed.

4.5.8.3 North Hilo

4.5.8.3.1 Agriculture

Encourage large landowners to make agricultural lands available for agriculture.

4.5.8.3.2 Commercial

Centralization of commercial activities in the Laupahoehoe-Papaaloa area shall be encouraged.
Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need arises.
Do not allow strip or spot commercial development on the highway outside of the primary commercial area.

4.5.8.3.3 Industrial

Identify sites suitable for future industrial activities as the need arises.
Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial-Commercial uses may be permitted in the Laupahoehoe-Papaaloa area although the area is not currently identified on the LUPAG map.

4.5.8.3.4 Multi-family Residential

Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated should the need arise.

4.5.8.3.5 Single Family Residential

Encourage more innovative types of housing developments, such as cluster and planned unit developments.
Urban areas shall continue to be Ninole and Ookala as well as the Laupahoehoe-Papaaloa area.

4.5.8.3.6 Resort

Encourage the development of small-scale visitor related facilities near points of interest.

4.5.8.4 Hamakua

4.5.8.4.1 Agriculture

Encourage large landowners to make agricultural lands available for agriculture.
Centralization of commercial activities in the Honokaa area shall be encouraged. Urban renewal of the area should be undertaken.
Suitable commercially zoned lands shall be provided as the need arises.
Encourage commercial activities within Honokaa town to promote and enhance the history and culture of the paniolo and former sugar plantation.

4.5.8.4.2 Industrial

Identify sites suitable for future industrial activity as the need arises.
Encourage the rehabilitation of existing service-oriented industrial areas.

4.5.8.4.3 Multi-Family Residential

Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases.

4.5.8.4.4 Single Family Residential

.Designate lands for single family use as the need arises.

4.5.8.4.5 Resort

Encourage the development of small family-operated hotels.
Consider small-scale retreat resort development.
Encourage resort development that enhances the natural beauty of the area.

4.5.8.5 North Kohala

4.5.8.5.1 Agriculture

Encourage the maintenance and more intensive utilization of the Kohala Ditch irrigation system for agricultural production.
Support the development of private and State agricultural parks as a means of making agricultural land available for commercial agricultural activities.
In reviewing Special Permit applications, rezonings, and other land use changes in the Agricultural District, great care should be given to preserve existing viewplanes to and along the coastline.

4.5.8.5.2 Commercial

The development of a commercial core within the towns of Hawi or Kapaau shall be encouraged.
Continual improvement of commercial facilities shall be undertaken.
Develop and encourage the use of special design districts in Hawi and Kapaau that include guidelines to preserve, protect and enhance the rural and historic qualities of the commercial areas.
Do not allow strip or spot commercial development on the highway outside of the designated urban areas.

4.5.8.5.3 Industrial

Identify sites suitable for future industrial activity as the need arises.
Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial-Commercial uses may be permitted in the Hawi area although the area is not currently identified on the LUPAG map.

4.5.8.5.4 Multi-Family Residential

Basic infrastructure shall be provided to those areas zoned for higher density use.
Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need arises.

4.5.8.5.5 Single Family Residential

Aid and encourage major landowners to make available residential lands in the area for employee housing and the private market.

4.5.8.5.6 Resort

Encourage the development of small family type hotels and bed and breakfast establishments.
Consider small-scale retreat resort development that is consistent with the rural character and cultural lifestyle of the district.

4.5.8.6 South Kohala

4.5.8.6.1 Agriculture

Protect important agricultural lands from urban encroachment.
Encourage buffer zones or compatible uses between important agricultural land and adjacent uses of land.

4.5.8.6.2 Commercial

The establishment of Waimea as a regional commercial center for northern Hawai‘i shall be encouraged.
Establish controls to insure orderly development and minimize speculation of commercially zoned lands.
Continue the concentration of commercial uses in Waimea, Kawaihae, Waikoloa Village, and in the resort areas. Do not allow strip or spot commercial development on highways outside of these primary commercial areas.

4.5.8.6.3 Industrial

Encourage the development of a regional industrial park at Kawaihae and centralize limited industrial activities in Waimea.
Industrial development should be in harmony with surrounding uses and the environment.
Identify sites suitable for future industrial activities as the need arises.

4.5.8.6.4 Multi-Family Residential

Basic infrastructure shall be provided to those areas zoned for higher density use.
Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need arises.

4.5.8.6.5 Single Family Residential

Encourage the development of appropriately located and serviced State-owned, Hawaiian Home Lands and privately-held lands for houselots.

4.5.8.6.6 Resort

Adequate access, sewer and water systems, and other basic amenities shall be provided in all areas where higher density uses are allowed.

4.5.8.7 North Kona

4.5.8.7.1 Agriculture

Protect important agricultural lands within the Kona Coffee Belt from urban encroachment through the use of zoning and other mechanisms.
Encourage the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo to accelerate research on agricultural, aquaculture and forestry products that are or could be of economic value to Kona.
Encourage buffer zones or compatible uses between important agricultural land and adjacent uses of land.

4.5.8.7.2 Commercial

Controls to prevent speculative practices on commercially zoned lands may be established.
Implementation of programs to correct existing deficiencies shall be undertaken.
Appropriately zoned lands shall be provided as the need arises.

4.5.8.7.3 Industrial

Identify sites suitable for future industrial activities.
Additional industrial acreage should be provided at the Kona International Airport at Keahole for support facilities for the airport.
Industrial development should be in harmony with surrounding uses and the environment.
Industrial-commercial mixed use districts may be provided in appropriate locations.
Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial-Commercial uses may be permitted in the Kainaliu-Honalo area although the area is not currently identified on the LUPAG map.

4.5.8.7.4 Multi-Family Residential

Re-evaluation of existing zoned areas and re-allocation of lands in appropriate locations shall be undertaken.
Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases.

4.5.8.7.5 Single Family Residential

Encourage the development of appropriately located and serviced privately-held and State-owned lands for houselots.
Improve and develop roadways, water and sewerage systems, and other basic facilities necessary to encourage development of lands suitable for residential use.
Encourage the concentration of residential structures to avoid strip residential development.
Encourage the use of more innovative types of housing development, such as zones of mix and cluster and planned unit developments.

4.5.8.7.6 Resort

Discourage strip resort development along Alii Drive.
Re-evaluate some areas currently zoned for resort use.
Improve and provide adequate roadways, sewer and water systems, and other basic amenities in all areas where higher density uses are allowed.

4.5.8.8 South Kona

4.5.8.8.1 Agriculture

Protect important agricultural lands within the Kona Coffee Belt from urban encroachment through the use of zoning and other mechanisms.
Encourage the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo to accelerate research on agricultural, aquaculture and forestry products that are or could be of economic value to Kona.
Encourage buffer zones or compatible uses between important agricultural land and adjacent uses of land.

4.5.8.8.2 Commercial

Centralize commercial activities in existing town centers.
Appropriately zoned lands shall be provided as the need arises.
Allow the development of small-scale visitor-oriented commercial facilities along Ke Ala O Keawe Road (City of Refuge Road) leading to Pu’uhonua O Honaunau National Historic Park.

4.5.8.8.3 Industrial

Identify sites suitable for future industrial activities as the need arises.
Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial Commercial uses may be permitted in the Kealakekua-Captain Cook area although the area is not currently identified on the LUPAG map.

4.5.8.8.4 Multi-Family Residential

Re-evaluation of existing zoned areas and re-allocation of lands in appropriate locations shall be undertaken.
Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases.

4.5.8.8.5 Single Family Residential

Encourage the development of appropriately located and serviced privately-held and State-owned lands for houselots.
Improve and develop roadways, water and sewerage systems, and other basic facilities necessary to encourage development of lands suitable for residential use.
Encourage the concentration of residential structures to avoid strip residential development.
Encourage the use of more innovative types of housing development, such as zones of mix and cluster and planned unit developments.

4.5.8.8.6 Resort

Encourage the development of small family-operated hotels or bed and breakfast accommodations.
Developments shall blend in with the character of the area.

4.5.8.9 Ka’u

4.5.8.9.1 Agriculture

Encourage and support the expansion of agriculture, including forestry and the macadamia nut industry.

4.5.8.9.2 Commercial

Centralization of commercial activity in the communities of Pahala, Naalehu and Ocean View and the area of the Volcanoes National Park shall be encouraged.
Do not allow strip or spot commercial development on the highway outside of the designated urban areas.

45.8.9.3 Industrial

Identify sites suitable for future industrial activities as the need arises.
Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial-Commercial uses may be permitted in the Naalehu area although the area is not currently identified on the LUPAG map.

4.5.8.9.4 Multi-Family Residential

Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases.

4.5.8.9.5 Single Family Residential

Aid and encourage major landowners to make available residential lands in the area for employee housing and the private market.

4.5.8.9.6 Resort

The development of visitor accommodations and any resort development shall complement the character of the area.
Encourage the development of small family or "bed and breakfast" type visitor accommodations.

4.6. NATURAL BEAUTY, RESOURCES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

The natural beauty of Hawai‘i is a universally recognized characteristic and one of the most significant and valuable assets of this island. In a relatively small area exists a great range of environments, from lush green tropical valleys, barren fields of lava, native forests, rolling grasslands, and rocky coastlines to snow-capped mountains. These differences in the environment and landscape features are important in giving identity to areas of the island.

The natural resources of the island of Hawai‘i are the physical and environmental assets that are recognized as useful, valuable, and desirable. These natural resources include, but are not limited to, the land, water, air, flora, fauna, soils, watersheds, geologic features, geothermal steam, climate, wind, sunshine, ocean waters, and shoreline. Some of these resources are finite and irreplaceable. Several are replaceable at extreme cost and others are renewable. The island’s growing population and expanding urbanization place a greater demand on the limited resource base.

Interwoven with the conservation of these resources is their protection through best management practices and enforcement of zoning and environmental laws. The County's basic industries, agriculture, tourism, and scientific and technological enterprises, depend upon a "clean" environment for optimum growth. The agricultural industry depends upon the availability of clean air, soil, and water. The island's major visitor attraction, especially for tourists from large urban centers, is its natural beauty accentuated by the quality of the air and water. The environmental quality of the County thus not only enhances the quality of life for its residents, but is also a major economic asset.

4.6.1 Natural Beauty, Resources, And Environmental Quality Objectives

Identify and develop programs to protect, preserve and enhance the quality of areas endowed with natural beauty, such as unique or prominent landscapes, natural features having cultural or scenic value, or coastal scenic resources.
Establish programs to protect and identify significant scenic vistas and view planes from becoming obstructed.
Maximize opportunities for present and future generations to appreciate and enjoy areas of natural and scenic beauty.
Protect, conserve, and utilize the natural resources of the County of Hawai‘i for future generations.
Provide opportunities for recreational, economic, and educational needs without despoiling or endangering natural resources.
Protect Hawai‘i’s unique, fragile, and significant natural resources.
Protect rare or endangered species and habitats native to Hawai‘i.
Maintain and, if feasible, improve the environmental quality of the island.

4.6.2 Policies

4.6.2.1 Natural Beauty

Increase public pedestrian easement access opportunities to scenic places and vistas.
Develop and establish view plane criteria to preserve and enhance views of scenic or prominent landscapes from specific locations.
Establish programs to identify, acquire and develop viewing sites on the island.
Access easements to public or private lands that have natural or scenic value shall be provided or acquired for the public.
Develop standards to incorporate natural and scenic beauty elements as part of design plan review.
Maintain a continuing program to identify exceptional trees or tree masses.
Protect the views of areas endowed with natural beauty by considering the effects of proposed construction during land use reviews.

4.6.2.2 Natural Resources

Encourage users of natural resources to conduct their activities in a manner that avoids or minimizes adverse effects on the environment.
Encourage a program of collection and dissemination of basic data concerning natural resources.
Coordinate programs to protect natural resources with other government agencies.
Encourage an overall conservation ethic in the use of Hawai‘i’s resources by protecting, preserving, and conserving the critical and significant natural resources of the County.
Ensure that activities authorized or funded by the County do not damage important natural resources.
Encourage utilization of the shoreline for recreational, cultural, educational, and/or scientific uses in a manner that is protective of resources and of the maximum benefit to the general public.
Minimize impact to the shoreline from the encroachment of man-made improvements and structures when permitted.
Investigate methods of beach replenishment and sand erosion control.
Promote sound management in the development of Hawai‘i’s land and marine resources for the future and potential continuous economic benefit.
Encourage the protection of watersheds, forest, brush, and grassland from destructive agents and uses.
Work with the appropriate State, Federal agencies, and private landowners to establish a program to manage and protect identified watersheds and to identify and inventory forest lands suitable for watershed purposes.
Encourage appropriate State agencies to review and designate forest and watershed areas into the conservation district during State land use boundary comprehensive reviews.
The installation of utility facilities, highways and related public improvements in natural and wildland areas should avoid the contamination or despoilment of natural resources where feasible by design review, conservation principles, and by mutual agreement between the County and affected agencies.
Encourage the continued identification and inclusion of unique wildlife habitat areas of native Hawaiian flora and fauna within the Natural Area Reserve System.
Encourage the use of native plants for screening and landscaping.
Ensure public access is provided to the shoreline, public trails and hunting areas, including free public parking where appropriate, by establishing a comprehensive public access program and promulgating laws and plans for acquisition.
Establish a program in which a system of pedestrian access trails to identified places of scenic, historic, cultural, natural, or recreational values are planned, acquired if appropriate, and developed.
Encourage the State to establish a program to preserve and protect significant lava tube caves.
Within the Kona high rainfall/fog-drip belt, ground disturbing activities such as excessive soil compaction and excessive removal of vegetative cover should be minimized and mitigated consistent with watershed management strategies that encourage the maintenance and re-establishment of forest cover, minimal coverage by impervious surfaces and other strategies that encourage effective infiltration to groundwater.
Create incentives for landowners to retain and re-establish forest cover in upland watershed areas with emphasis on native forest species.

4.6.2.3 Environmental Quality

Reinforce and strengthen established standards, where necessary, principally by initiating, recommending, and adopting ordinances pertaining to the control of pollutants that affect the environment.
Review the County grading and grubbing ordinances to ensure that they adequately address potential erosion and runoff problems.
Advise the public of environmental conditions and research undertaken on the island’s environment.
Encourage recycling of agricultural, industrial, and municipal waste material.
Encourage air and water quality monitoring by the State in areas of existing and potential urban growth.
Encourage the State to continue aircraft noise abatement strategies at Hilo International Airport and the Kona International Airport at Keahole.
Support and participate in watershed management projects to improve stream and coastal water quality and encourage local communities to develop such projects.
Investigate measures that would provide incentives to control point and nonpoint sources of pollution.
Support programs to prevent harmful alien species from entering the State and becoming established or to eradicate them.
Require golf courses to implement best management practices where they may affect ground and surface water or coastal ecosystems.
Support examination of implementation strategies of the management measures contained in Hawai‘i’s Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program.

4.7 NATURAL HAZARDS ELEMENT

4.7.1 Earthquakes

The Big Island experiences thousands of earthquakes each year, most undetectable, but some strong enough to be felt or to cause minor damage. Most of the island’s earthquakes are related to volcanic activity caused by magma moving beneath the earth’s surface and concentrated beneath the island’s two active volcanoes, Kilauea and Mauna Loa. Because of this activity, the entire island is within Seismic Zone 4, the highest rating.

The island of Hawai‘i is sinking, or subsiding, at different rates for various reasons: The great weight of the island slowly bends the outer rigid layer of the earth, and the weight of growing volcanoes is greater than the earth can support. Large earthquakes also produce coastal subsidence.

4.7.2 Flooding

The problems of flooding in the County of Hawai‘i are attributed to ponding, surface runoff, high seas, storm surge, and tsunami inundation. Flood control is usually limited to confining runoff within natural or man-made watercourses and standing bodies of water. Drainage involves the collection and conveyance of runoff. The problems of high seas and tsunami inundation are generally alleviated by structural criteria, building setbacks, and land use restrictions.

In 1982, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) published the "Flood Insurance Study" for Hawai‘i County. This study investigates the existence and severity of flood hazards in Hawai‘i. The flood boundaries for streams, and the flood insurance zones and base flood elevation lines are delineated on the Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM). These maps are the principal result of the "Flood Insurance Study," and have been incorporated into Hawai‘i County’s Flood Plain Management Program. The "Flood Insurance Study," coupled with appropriate rules and regulations of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, are part of the Hawai‘i County Code.

4.7.3 Lava Hazards.

The island is composed of five volcanoes, two of which—Kilauea and Mauna Loa—are expected to erupt frequently in the future. The U.S. Geological Survey has identified lava hazard zones for the island based on the probability of coverage by lava flows. Zone 1 is the area of greatest hazard and Zone 9 the least. Hazard zones from lava flows are based on the location and frequency of both historic and prehistoric eruptions.

4.7.4 Natural Hazards Objectives

Protect human life.
Prevent damage to man-made improvements.
Prevent damage from inundation.
Reduce surface water and sediment runoff.
Maximize soil and water conservation.

4.7.4 Natural Hazards Policies

Review land use policies and building structure regulations as it relates to flood plain, high surf, and tsunami hazard areas.
Update the Flood Insurance Rate Maps and other flood maps in compliance with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) as needed, with emphasis in Puna, South Kohala, North and South Kona, and South Hilo.
Promote and provide incentives for participation in the Soil and Water Conservation Districts' conservation programs for developments on agricultural and conservation lands.
The "Drainage Master Plan for the County of Hawai‘i" shall be reviewed and updated to incorporate new studies and to reflect newly identified priorities from a watershed perspective that:

i. Considers non-structural alternatives;

ii. Minimizes channelization;

iii. Protects wetlands that serve drainage functions;

iv. Coordinates regulation of construction and agricultural operations; and

v. Encourages the establishment of floodplains as public greenways.

Development-generated runoff shall be disposed of in a manner acceptable to the Department of Public Works and in compliance with all State and Federal laws.
Explore new methods of funding for the provision of adequate drainage systems.
Establish public and private partnerships to maintain and improve existing drainage systems and to construct new drainage facilities.
Cooperate with the State to develop an integrated shoreline erosion management plan that ensures the preservation of sandy beaches and public access to and along the shoreline, and the protection of private and public property from flood hazards and wave damage.
Promote public education programs on tsunami, hurricane, storm surge, and flood hazards.
Encourage grassed shoulder and swale roadway design where climate and grade are conducive.
Develop programs to acquire lands or transfer development rights in areas of high volcanic and natural hazard.

PUNA
Site	Ahupua‘a or Region
Viewplane from Pahoa-Kalapana Highway looking makai
Kehena Black Sand Beach	Kehena
Viewpoint-Shoreline	Kekeekee
1955 Lava Flow (Iilewa Cone)	Kamaili
Ironwood Groves along Kapoho-Kalapana Road	Kauaea Malama-Ki
Viewpoint-Shoreline	Opihikao
MacKenzie Park	Malama-Ki
Mango Grove along Pohoiki Road	Pohoiki
Keahialaka Spring & Pond	Keahialaka
Shoreline	Keahialaka
Warm Springs	Pohoiki
Albizzia Grove along Pahoa-Kapoho Road	Kaniahiku
1960 Lava Flow	Kapoho
Kapoho Tidal Ponds	Kapoho
Viewpoint (Puu Kukae)	Kapoho
Kapela Bay (Black Sand Beach)	Kahuwai
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Hilo & Puna)	Kahuwai
Viewpoint & Tidal pool (Makaukiu Pt.)	Kahuwai
Ironwood Grove at Nanawale Park	Nanawale
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Honolulu Landing)	Honolulu
Mango Grove along Kapoho-Honolulu Landing Road	Kahuwai & Halepuaa
View from Green Lake Hill	Kapoho
Viewpoint-Shoreline	Waiakahuila
Cove with Stone Beach	Keaau
Royal Palms fronting Keaau Intermediate School	Keaau
View of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa from Pahoa-Keaau, Volcano-Keaau Roads, and various Puna subdivisions
Pu'u O'o Lava Flow Region
SOUTH HILO
Site	Ahupua‘a or Region
Banyan Drive Scenic Area	Waiakea
Liliuokalani Gardens	Waiakea
Viewpoint of Hilo Bay area with Mauna Kea in Background	Waiakea
Viewpoint of Hilo Bay with Mauna Kea in Background	Waiakea
Coconut Isle (Mokuola)	Waiakea
Reeds Bay (Shoreline)	Waiakea
Ice Pond	Waiakea
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Leleiwi Point)	Waiakea
Lehia Park (undeveloped)	Waiakea
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Keokea Point)	Waiakea
Lihikai (Onekahakaha) Beach Park shoreline	Waiakea
Waiahole Fish Pond	Waiakea
Haleolono Fish Pond	Waiakea
Leleiwi Park shoreline	Waiakea
Lokoaka Pond, Akahi Pond, and Kionakapahu Pond	Waiakea
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Waiuli Point)	Waiakea
Wailoa River Area Hoakimau Fish Pond Mohouli Fish Pond Waiakea Fish Pond	Waiakea
Puu Halai	Ponahawai
Rainbow Falls and Area (Wailuku River Park)	Piihonua
Kaimukanaka Falls and Area	Piihonua
Boiling Pots and Area	Piihonua
Viewpoint on hilltop looking over Hilo Bay	Ponahawai
Waiole Falls and Area	Piihonua
Peepee Falls and Area	Piihonua
Viewpoint from lower Wailuku Bridge looking makai	Piihonua
Viewpoint from lower Wailuku Bridge looking mauka	Piihonua
Alealea Point looking towards Hilo Bay	Wailua

SOUTH HILO
Site	Ahupua‘a or Region
Keakanini Falls	Piihonua
Hawaii Falls	Piihonua
Honolii Beach Area and Stream	Alae
Onomea Bay Area	Kahalii-Onomea
Onomea Arch (fallen)	Onomea
Akaka and Kahuna Falls	Honomu
Kolekole Gulch	Kuhua-Kaiwiki
Hakalau Bay/Gulch Area	Hakalaunui-Kamae

NORTH HILO
Site	Ahupua‘a or Region
View point of Umauma Gulch (makai from bridge)	Wailua
Viewpoint of Falls in Umauma Gulch (mauka from bridge)	Wailua
Nanue Gulch-Makai	Nanue
Honohina Falls (Nanue Gulch and stream)	Nanue
Maulua Gulch	Maulua Iki
Kaiwilahilahi Gulch	Kaiwilahilahi
Manawaiopae Gulch	Manawaiopae
Kihalani Gulch	Kihalani
Kuwaikahi Gulch	Kihalani
Kilau Gulch	Laupahoehoe
Scenic Lookout-Laupahoehoe Pt.	Alaea
Laupahoehoe Gulch	Laupahoehoe
Kaawalii Gulch	Waipunalei-Humuula

NORTH KOHALA
Site	Ahupua‘a or Region
Windward Valley System Honokane Valley Islands off Awini Valley Pololu Valley	Awini, Pololu
Viewpoint-Pololu Valley	Pololu
Akoakoa Point	Waiapuka
Nanue Bay Area	Waiapuka
Kapanaia Bay Area	Makapala, Aamakao
Keokea Beach & Kalalae Pt.	Makapala
Kauhola Point	Kukuiwaluhia
Indian Banyan trees at Chalon International of Hawaii's office in Hawi	Hawi
Upolu Point	Kokoiki-Upolu
Old Honoipu Landing	Puakea
Kapaa Park	Kapaa
Mahukona Harbor and Park	Mahukona-Hihiu
Keawanui Bay Area	Kehena, Puanui
Kaiopae Point	Waiaka
Waiakailio Bay Area	Kahualiilii
Coastline viewplane from Akoni-Pule Highway
Coastline viewplane from Kohala Mountain Road
Ironwood trees along Kohala Mountain Road

HAMAKUA
Site	Ahupua‘a or Region
Kalopa State Park	Kalopa
Mauna Kea State Park area	Kaohe
Ahualoa Road	Kaao-Nienie
Nienie (Native forest)	Nienie
Viewpoint—Lookout Waipio Valley, Kukuihaele	Lalakea
Windward Valley System Muliwai to Awini Waimanu Valley Area Waipio Valley Area	Waipio, Muliwai-Awini, Waimanu
Waipio	Waipio

SOUTH KOHALA
Site	Ahupua‘a or Region
Viewpoint (Puu Makela)	Kawaihae 2nd
Mauumae Bay/Beach	Kawaihae 2nd
Kaunaoa Bay/Beach	Ouli
Kaluhiikanu Beach	Kawaihae 2nd
Ohaiula Beach (Spencer Park)	Kawaihae 2^nd
Upper Waipio Lookout	Waipio
View of Kohala mountain	Waiauia
Na Puu (Waimea) Puu Laelae Hokuula Puuiki	Keoniki-Puuiki
Waimea Church Row and Surrounding Churches	Waikoloa (Waimea)
Hapuna Bay/Beach	Lalamilo
Kaunaoa Point	Ouli
Waimea Nature Park (Ulu Laau)	Lalamilo
Scenic countryside around Waikii	Waikoloa
Makaiwa Bay and Pond, Keawanui	Kalahuipuaa
Pauoa Bay Area	Kalahuipuaa
Puako Bay Area	Lalamilo
Anaehoomalu Bay Area	Anaehoomalu
Wailea Bay Area	Lalamilo
Viewplane along Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway looking mauka and makai

NORTH AND SOUTH KOHALA DISTRICTS
Site	Ahupua‘a or Region
Puu Waawaa	Puuwaawaa
Kiholo Bay/Beach Area	Puuwaawaa
Keawaiki	Puuwaawaa; Puuanahulu
Hualalai	Kaupulehu
Kaupulehu	Kaupulehu
NORTH AND SOUTH KOHALA DISTRICTS
Site	Ahupua‘a or Region
Kua Bay Area	Maniniowali
Opae Ula Pond	Makalawena
Makalawena	Makalawena
Kahoiawa	Awakee
Kakapa Bay Area	Kukio 2nd
Kukio Bay/Beach Area	Kukio lst
Mahaiula Bay/Beach Area	Mahaiula
Kaloko Pond	Kaloko
Honokohau Fish Pond	Kealakehe
Honokohau coastline	Honokohau-Kealakehe
Aimakapa	Honokohau
White Sand Beach	Honokohau
White Sand Beach	Keahuolu
Viewplane from Kuakini Highway going mauka & makai	Holualoa-Keauhou
Viewplane from Kamehameha III Road going mauka & makai	Kahaluu-Keauhou
Keauhou	Keauhou 1 & 2
Kahaluu Bay Area	Kahaluu 2
Viewplane along Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway going mauka and makai

SOUTH KONA
Site	Ahupua‘a or Region
Kealakekua Bay from Kaawaloa Road and Lower Government Road	Keopuka, Kaawaloa, Kaawaloa, Kealakekua
Viewpoint	Kahauloa (2)
Cove	Keei (1)
White Sand Beach	Keei (1)
Viewpoint (Palemano Pt.)	Keei (1)
Honaunau Bay & Scenic View from Ke Ala o Keawe Road	Honaunau, Keokea
Kealia Beach	Kealia

SOUTH KONA
Site	Ahupua‘a or Region
Kiilae	Kiilae
Hookena—Kauhako Bay Area	Hookena, Kauhako
Milolii area	Milolii
Lava flows of 1950, 1926 and 1919

KA‘U
Site	Ahupua‘a or Region
Manuka Bay	Manuka
Pohue Bay	Kahuku
Volcano area including National Park	Kahuku, Keauhou
South Point (Ka Lae)	Pakini Iki, Kamaoa
Mahana Bay	Kamaoa
Waiakukini	Pakini Nui
Kaalualu Bay	Kiolakaa
Honuapo	Honuapo
Kawa (Kawaa) Bay and Spring	Kaalaiki, Hilea Nui
Ninole Cove & Springs	Ninole
Punaluu Black Sand Beach	Punaluu
Lava Flows of 1868, 1887, & 1907
View of Mauna Loa from Volcano-Ka’u Highway
Scenic view of shoreline between Pahala and Punaluu
Waiohinu Park
Na puu: Enuhe, Makanau, Kaiholena and One

SECTION 4. If any provision of this ordinance or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions or applications of the ordinance which can be given without the invalid provision or application, and to this end, the provisions of this ordinance are declared to be severable.

SECTION 5. In the printing of the General Plan for public distribution, General Plan amendment procedures may be included therein for ease of reference.

SECTION 6. This ordinance shall take effect upon its approval.

INTRODUCED BY:

__________________________________ ___________________________________

COUNCIL MEMBER, COUNTY OF HAWAI‘I COUNCIL MEMBER, COUNTY OF HAWAI‘I

_______, Hawai‘i

Date of Introduction:

Date of 1st Reading:

Date of 2nd Reading:

Effective Date:

Comm Reference No. _____

NOTE: REFER TO DRAFT 2 LUPAG, FACILITIES AND OTHER MAPS

County of Hawaii: General Plan
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